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| | Benjamin Franklin Scholars: current students, prospective students, alumni | | |
< backBenjamin Franklin SeminarsSpring 2006Africana StudiesAFRC-078 (HIST-214-401, URBS-078)
Urban University-Community Relations Ira Harkavy W 2-5 Distribution II: May be counted as a Distributional course in History & Tradition. Inspired by Penn's founder, Ben Franklin, President Amy Gutmann has identified rising to the challenge of a diverse democracy and educating students for democratic citizenship as critical goals of her administration. Since the present undergraduate curriculum falls short in this regard, the seminar aims to synthesize numerous, unrelated, academically-based community service courses into an effectively integrated curriculum. As now envisioned, the new Penn curriculum developed by the seminar would have as a significant component, thematic, problem-solving clusters, i.e., interrelated, cross-disciplinary, complementary sets of courses designed to stimulate and empower students to produce, not simply consumer, societally-useful knowledge. By societally-useful knowledge, we mean knowledge actively used to solve global strategic problems of democracy and society, schooling and society, health and society, poverty and society, environment and society, culture and society, etc., as those global problems manifest themselves locally at Penn and in West Philadelphia/Philadelphia.
Art and Archaeology of the Mediterranean WorldPainted vases constitute the most important and comprehensive collection of visual evidence that survives from ancient Greece. In this course, we will examine the development of Greek vase-painting from the 10th to the 4th century BC, with particular emphasis on the pottery of the Archaic and Classical periods produced in the cities of Athens and Corinth. We will look at the vases as objects--and the extensive collection of Greek vases in the University of Pennsylvania Museum will be an important resource for this course--but we will also consider them as they relate to broader cultural issues. Some background in art history or classical studies is helpful but not required.
Art HistoryPainted vases constitute the most important and comprehensive collection of visual evidence that survives from ancient Greece. In this course, we will examine the development of Greek vase-painting from the 10th to the 4th century BC, with particular emphasis on the pottery of the Archaic and Classical periods produced in the cities of Athens and Corinth. We will look at the vases as objects--and the extensive collection of Greek vases in the University of Pennsylvania Museum will be an important resource for this course--but we will also consider them as they relate to broader cultural issues. Some background in art history or classical studies is helpful but not required.
Benjamin Franklin SeminarsBENF-099
Independent Study Does not count towards the BFS seminar requirement. More information.
BENF-223-301
Art, Law, and Technology Mari Shaw TR 3-4:30 The concept of originality today functions in a very different world than it did in the mid 19th century when it was critical in defining Modernism in the visual arts. When a rapper records a song in which the music is largely sampled from other musicians' material, has she created an original work? If a software developer comes up with a new use for existing software, has she done something original? If her purpose in coming up with the new use is to download music, has she created intellectual property that she is entitled to exploit or is she a wrong-doer who should be held responsible for violating the rights of the songwriter or the recording company? When an artist repurposes the image of a celebrity from a photograph, is she creating an original work or is she violating the rights of the photographer or the celebrity? What does originality and intellectual property mean in the context of a world where ideas and commerce flow freely among cultures with varying views of creativity, innovation, and ownership? We will begin with a brief examination of the evolution of intellectual property law, (copyrights, trademarks, patents and trade secrets), and the legal meaning of terms such as "originality", "novelty", "ownership", "fair comment", Òpublic domain", "derivative works", and "artists' rights." Next, we will examine how technology has driven changes in our definition of originality, first through mechanical and later through electronic means of reproduction and distribution. Then we will discuss the works of 20th century artists such as Marcel Duchamp, who introduced the concept of the "ready-made"; Andy Warhol, who appropriated images of consumer products and celebrities; Sherrie Levine, who photographed the photographs of famous male photographers; Louise Lawler, who documents artworks as installed in private and public collections, and Pierre Huyghe, whose works examine questions of possession and interpretation (exploring for example, whether Walt Disney or the singer has legal owner of the voice of Disney's "Snow White"?). Ms. Shaw is a lawyer whose practice focuses on intellectual property and technology law, and the cases discussed in class will include cases in which she represented one of the parties. Ms Shaw also serves on several art museum and gallery advisory boards and is a collector of painting, sculpture, drawings, photograph, and video from the 1960s to the present. Information about her background can be found at the website of the law firm with which she is affiliated. http://www.obermayer.com/Attorney.cfm?action=moreinfo&id=150 Benjamin Franklin Seminars - LawBFLW-064-301
Selected Topics in Law Sam Diamond MW 2-3:30 The Speluncean Explorers is a classic debate among five judges of a “supreme court”. What can we learn from it in following today’s debates on legal issues? What are the sources of law, and does it make a difference if law is laid down by a legislature, by an executive agency or by a court? We will discuss the American system of resolving disputes and question at each step whether or not it works as advertised. What accounts for the rise of alternative dispute mechanisms and what does the future hold for ADR? How does our legal system deal with novel issues, for example; making books and music available via the internet under copyright protection. And we will read decisions on appeal to the Supreme Court and, if the Court cooperates by deciding some of them before semester’s end, how the Court resolves those cases.
Ben Franklin Seminars - MedicineOpen to juniors and seniors only. Permission of instructor required. This course is concerned with the examination of the interactions between human beings, their organs and cells, and various infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Both the biological and societal factors influencing these interactions will be studied.
BiologyBIOL-150-001; Labs 101,102,103,104
Learn Biology by Teaching Biology Ingrid Waldron M 10-12, labs WF 7:35-9,9-10:30, 10-11:30,12:3-2 Prerequisite: One semester of college biology or 5 on the AP exam or 6 or 7 on the IB exam This ABCS course counts as one of the "4 additional cu" for the Biology major. In this course, Penn students teach a series of hands-on activities to students in biology classes at West Philadelphia High School. Most weeks will have the following schedule. On Mondays, 10-12, Penn students will learn the relevant biological background and techniques for a hands-on activity (in Goddard Lab 102). On Wednesdays and/or Fridays, each Penn student will lead a small group of West high school biology students in carrying out the hands-on activity. On average, we will teach in West only once a week, but the teaching sessions are scheduled for Wednesdays and Fridays to ensure that you will be available on whichever day is needed to accommodate the high school schedule. West Philadelphia High School is located on Walnut Street between 47th and 48th Streets (enter on 48th Street). Each high school teaching timeslot includes one hour of teaching at West and 10-15 minutes for transportation between Penn and West. We will begin the semester with several classes concerning successful approaches for teaching biology in urban high schools. Then we will start our series of hands-on activities which teach the high school students fundamental aspects of genetics, evolution, anatomy, physiology and other topics in the high school biology curriculum. Requirements for Penn students include quizzes on the assigned reading, a research paper on a topic related to one of our hands-on activities, and grading two sets of the weekly quizzes for high school students and preparing brief reports concerning the strengths and weaknesses of our teaching and the high school students' learning that week.
Business and Public PolicyBPUB-201-301
The Political Economy of Social Policy Brigitte Madrian MW 10:30-12:00 Prerequisites: ECON 1 or equivalent This course uses microeconomics to evaluate public policy. The course has two aims. The first aim is to provide a microeconomic toolkit that we will use to identify failures of the competitive market; the circumstances in which government intervention can improve economic efficiency; and alternatives to government intervention. The second aim of the course is to apply this toolkit to current policy issues, including environmental regulation, tax policy, health care reform and the problem of the uninsured; education policy; social security reform and the costs and benefits of private accounts; antitrust policy, and policy to promote research and development. Comparative LiteratureMay be counted as a Distributional course in Arts & Letters. A careful textual study of one book of the Bible in the light of modern scholarship, including archaeological evidence and pertinent ancient Near Eastern documents. The Book of Genesis covers the creation, the Garden of Eden, the Flood, the Tower of Babel, the origins of the Israelites, and the lives of the patriarchs and matriarchs.
Computer Science and EngineeringCSE-398-001
Quantum Computing and Information Science Max Mintz MW 4-6 Prerequisite(s): CSE 260, CSE 262, and Math 240. Permission of the professor is required. The purpose of this course is to introduce undergraduate students in computer science and engineering to quantum computers (QC) and quantum information science (QIS). This course is meant primarily for juniors and seniors in CSE. No prior knowledge of quantum mechanics (QM) is assumed.
Classical StudiesPainted vases constitute the most important and comprehensive collection of visual evidence that survives from ancient Greece. In this course, we will examine the development of Greek vase-painting from the 10th to the 4th century BC, with particular emphasis on the pottery of the Archaic and Classical periods produced in the cities of Athens and Corinth. We will look at the vases as objects--and the extensive collection of Greek vases in the University of Pennsylvania Museum will be an important resource for this course--but we will also consider them as they relate to broader cultural issues. Some background in art history or classical studies is helpful but not required. Ancient and Modern Constitutions CLST-310-401
East Asian Languages and CulturesDistribution III: May be counted as a Distributional course in Arts & Letters. Close examination in translation of the late 12th-century classic, Heike monogatari, and its derivative tradition in prose, drama, and film. Our subject is Tale of the Heike, a multifaceted narrative of the twelfth-century battles that brought the Taira clan down and led to the establishment of Japan's first military government. We will read the Heike tales with an eye toward how they fictionalize history and idealize certain types, notably loyal women and warriors; the development of the warrior tale genre; central aspects of the Japanes ethos; and later works of literature based on episodes and characters from the Tale of the the Heike. Students of Jampanese language may learn to read a famous section in the original. Seminar format. Paper required.
EconomicsECON-002-206
Intro to Economics: Macroeconomics A. Gemici F 1-2 General Requirement I. Prerequisites: ECON-001. ECON-002-001 (lecture) is a required co-requisite.
EnglishENGL-355-301
The Good Life: Novels, Biographies, and the Nineteenth-Century Imagination Erin O'Connor MW 3:30-5 Distribution III The idea of "writing the life" has been a defining one for both the novel and biography. Over the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the genre of the novel evolved alongside that of biography. Each was principally concerned with things that had historically been regarded as outside the purview of published, respectable writing--the inner thoughts and everyday habits of persons, whether real or imagined, great or small. Each, too, was regarded with suspicion for its working assumption that the trivial details, secret passions, and private struggles of everyday life may be the stuff of art, scholarship, and legitimate public interest. Neither novels nor biographies were thought to be quite legitimate at first; both were seen as morally suspect genres, as inherently questionable kinds of writing that, in dealing closely with the most personal and intimate aspects of their subjects' lives, encouraged an unhealthy prurience in readers and writers alike. In the case of biography, this charge was intensified by related concerns that the act of writing up a lived life for the reading public was a gross invasion of privacy and a violation of the respect that is owed to the dead. This course will trace the complicated and entangled early lives of the novel and biography. We will read a number of novels that tell the stories of imagined lives alongside biographies that purport to tell the truth about real lives; we'll also read novels that contain germs of their authors' autobiographies, novels that meditate on the genre of biography, biographies that engage in literary criticism, and biographies that look and act like novels. Along the way, we will read critical commentary on both kinds of writing. We will also examine how each genre addressed, criticized, and shaped the other. At every point, we will attempt to register the shifting complexity of the connection between two genres that emerged simultaneously for similar reasons, shared many interests and concerns, and yet in the end differed so profoundly from one another. We will begin our study with a brief survey of eighteenth-century thinking about both biography and the the novel; James Boswell's magisterial Life of Johnson, Samuel Johnson's Life of Richard Savage, and Henry Fielding's Shamela will serve as the historical and theoretical backdrop for our subsequent investigation of how the novel and biography each came into its own during the nineteenth century. Readings will include Thomas Carlyle's definitive essays on the form and function of biography, Charlotte Bronte's autobiographical novel Villette, Elizabeth Gaskell's selective and novelistic Life of Charlotte Bronte, Charles Dickens' partially autobiographical David Copperfield, selections from John Forster's Life of Dickens, Oscar Wilde's Picture of Dorian Gray (the novel that was used to convict Wilde of sodomy), and Wilde's "De Profundis," the heart-rending confessional letter the jailed author wrote to his former lover. We will round out the semester with a number of modernist and post-modernist reflections on Victorian life-writing: Peter Carey's imaginative pseudo-biography of Dickens, Jack Maggs; Virginia Woolf's biography of Elizabeth Barrett Browning's dog, Flush; Lytton Strachey's harsh indictment of Victorian culture, Eminent Victorians; and A.S. Byatt's novel about a biographer's thwarted biographer, The Biographer's Tale. Requirements:regular attendance, active participation, weekly weblog postings, two formal papers, and an in-class presentation.
ENGL-359-301 The Novel of Adventure ENGL-360-301 Emily Dickinson at Large ENGL-386-301 Topics in Gender, Sexuality, and Literature: Friendship ENGL-390-401 (WSTD-390-401) The Literature and Historiography of National Trauma: Partition and South Asia ENGL-393-401 (SAST-393-401)
Environmental StudiesAn academically-based community service course. The environment affects people's health more strongly than biological factors, medical care and lifestyle. The water we drink, the food we eat, the air we breathe are all components of the environment. Some estimates, based on morbidity and mortality statistics, indicate that the impact of the environment on health is as high as 80%. (Environmental Health, Morgan, pg. 14). Over the last 20 years, the field of environmental health has matured and expanded to become one of the most comprehensive and humanly relevant disciplines in science. This course will not only examine the toxicity of physical agents, but also the effects of lifestyle, social and economic factors, and the built environment on human health. Selected topics will include cancer clusters, water borne diseases, radon and lung cancer, lead poisoning, environmental tobacco smoke, respiratory diseases and obesity. Students will be researching in depth the health impacts of the classic industrial pollution case studies in the US. Class discussions will also include risk communication, community outreach and education, access to health care and impact on vulnerable populations. Each student will have the opportunity to focus on Public Health, Environmental Protection, Public Policy, or Environmental Education issues as they discuss approaches to mitigating environmental health risks. Students will be asked to research one environmental health topic in detail, to present their findings to the class, and to propose recommendations for future action. This course is an ABCS course that requires community service in addition to the class times. Students will work together in teams to identify environmental health needs in the community then develop and implement an intervention that is sustainable and replicable. Prevention of Tobacco Addiction among Pre-Adolescent Children in Philadelphia ENVS-407-401 (HSOC-407-401) Urban Asthma Epidemic ENVS-407-401 (HSOC-407-401)
GermanGRMN 265 (HIST 265, JWST-265-401 )
Jewish Literature and Culture in Eastern Europe Katherine Hellerstein TR 10:30-12 General Requirement III This course presents major trends and figures in Yiddish literature and culture in Eastern Europe from the mid-19th century through World War II. Divided into five sections - "Historical Overview," "The Shtetl/ Traditional Jewish Life," "Enlightenment and the Shtetl's Dissolution", "Responses To Pogroms, Revolution, War," and "The Cities - Warsaw, Vilna, Lodz," - this course will examine how Jews have represented the central aspects of their experience in Eastern Europe through history, literature (fiction, poetry, drama, memoir), film, and song.
Health and SocietiesThe course explores the historical development of traditional weapons of mass destruction such as chemical, nuclear and biological agents, in addition to newer and seemingly non-traditional weapons such as land mines and civilian aircraft that can also be employed to cause large numbers of injuries and deaths among civilian and military populations. Through case studies in technology and public health, students will evaluate the medical, scientific, environmental, and cultural ramifications of these weapons and their effect on human heal and society by analyzing the rise of the military -industrial-academic-complex in twentieth century America. Prevention of Tobacco Addiction among Pre-Adolescent Children in Philadelphia HSOC-407-401 (ENVS-407-401) Urban Asthma Epidemic HSOC-408-401 (ENVS-408-401)
HistoryThe seminar looks at the evolution of modern Italy from the Napoleonic Empire through the unification of the Kingdom through its crisis in the First World War and the subsequent struggle for control of the new mass society. ÊIt looks at the emergence of the first fascist regime and the first modern dictatorship under Benito Mussolini; the rise and consolidation of that dicatorship, its descent into anti-semitism, defeat in war and the civil war of 1943-45, which followed that defeat. ÊOut of that crisis a new prosperous Italian society has grown.The collapse of the First Republic after 1989 and the reappearance of the Right round off the story in the present.One of the glories of modern Italian history has been the exceptional quality of its literature. Great fiction can form an alternative approach with which to gain insights into Italian history. Eight works of literature have been put on a list as required reading. Each student will be expected to chose one work and write a book review of it. All of them are in English translation, but, of course, if you can read them in Italian, you will have more fun. American Reform, 1954-1974 HIST-214-301 Urban University-Community Relations HIST-214-401 ( AFRC-078, URBS-078) Immigrants, African-Americans, and Cities in Twentieth Century America HIST-214-402 (URBS-220-402) Popular Culture in the Middle East HIST-216-301 Jewish Literature and Culture in Eastern Europe HIST-265-401 (GRMN-265,JWST-265) Katherine Hellerstein
History and Sociology of ScienceHSSC 265-401 (HSOC-312-401) Susan Lindee The course explores the historical development of traditional weapons of mass destruction such as chemical, nuclear and biological agents, in addition to newer and seemingly non-traditional weapons such as land mines and civilian aircraft that can also be employed to cause large numbers of injuries and deaths among civilian and military populations. Through case studies in technology and public health, students will evaluate the medical, scientific, environmental, and cultural ramifications of these weapons and their effect on human heal and society by analyzing the rise of the military -industrial-academic-complex in twentieth century America.
ItalianThe seminar looks at the evolution of modern Italy from the Napoleonic Empire through the unification of the Kingdom through its crisis in the First World War and the subsequent struggle for control of the new mass society. ÊIt looks at the emergence of the first fascist regime and the first modern dictatorship under Benito Mussolini; the rise and consolidation of that dicatorship, its descent into anti-semitism, defeat in war and the civil war of 1943-45, which followed that defeat. ÊOut of that crisis a new prosperous Italian society has grown.The collapse of the First Republic after 1989 and the reappearance of the Right round off the story in the present.One of the glories of modern Italian history has been the exceptional quality of its literature. Great fiction can form an alternative approach with which to gain insights into Italian history. Eight works of literature have been put on a list as required reading. Each student will be expected to chose one work and write a book review of it. All of them are in English translation, but, of course, if you can read them in Italian, you will have more fun.
Jewish StudiesMay be counted as a Distributional course in Arts & Letters. A careful textual study of one book of the Bible in the light of modern scholarship, including archaeological evidence and pertinent ancient Near Eastern documents. The Book of Genesis covers the creation, the Garden of Eden, the Flood, the Tower of Babel, the origins of the Israelites, and the lives of the patriarchs and matriarchs.
JWST-265-401 (GRMN 265, HIST 265) Katherine Hellerstein
Legal StudiesThe first part of this course will introduce the American legal system and processes, the second part will introduce the law of contracts, and the last will cover some of the basic issues of equal employment opportunity.
LGST-210-301
Near Eastern Languages and CulturesDistribution II: History and Tradition. A study of Mesopotamian civilization, its cultural impact on the ancient Near East and the Bible, and the legacy it bequeathed to Western civilization. Topics will include Mesopotamian religion, law, literature, historiography, and socio-political institutions. The Bible in Translation: Genesis NELC-250-401 (COML-380, JWST-255, RELS-224)
NursingNURS-338-401
"Sweet Little Old Ladies and Sandwiched Daughters": Social Images and Issues in our Aging Society Sarah Kagan W 4:30-6:30 This course is an intensive and focused introduction to social gerontology as a trans-disciplinary lens through which to examine aspects of social structure, actions, and consequences in an aging society. A variety of sources are employed to introduce students from any field focused on human behavior and interaction to classical notions of social gerontology and current scholarly inquiry in gerontology. Field work in the tradition of thick description creates a mechanism to engage students in newly gerontological understandings of their life worlds and daily interactions. Weekly field work, observing aspects of age and representations of aging and being old in every day experiences forms, is juxtaposed against close critical readings of classical works in social gerontology and current research literature as well as viewings of film and readings of popular literature as the basis for student analysis. Student participation in the seminar demands careful scrutiny and critical synthesis of disparate intellectual, cultural, and social perspectives using readings and field work and creation of oral and written arguments that extend understandings of the issues at hand in new and substantive ways. Emphasis is placed on analysis of field work and literature through a series of media reports and a final term paper. Creative approaches to identifying literature, analyzing field work and representing critique are encouraged.
PhysicsPHYS-171-301 and -302 or -303
Honors Physics II: Electromagnetism and Radiation Eugene Mele -301: MWF 10-11, 2-3, R 5-6. -302: W 1-3 (302). -303: F 1-3 (303) Gen Req VI: May be counted towards the General Requirement in Physical World. Introduction to Research in Physics and Astronomy PHYS-295-301
PsychologyPSYC-001 WILL NOT BE OFFERED
Religious StudiesRELS-224 (COML-380, JWST-255, NELC-250-401)
The Bible in Translation: Genesis Jeff Tigay TR TR 4:30-6 May be counted as a Distributional course in Arts & Letters. A careful textual study of one book of the Bible in the light of modern scholarship, including archaeological evidence and pertinent ancient Near Eastern documents. The Book of Genesis covers the creation, the Garden of Eden, the Flood, the Tower of Babel, the origins of the Israelites, and the lives of the patriarchs and matriarchs.
RussianDistribution III In this course students will discuss Fyodor DostoevskyÕs major writings within relevant historical, cultural and literary contexts. The course will be divided into three major parts: (1) The Age of Dostoevsky; (2) How to read Dostoevsky? and (3) Dostoevsky in action: "Crime and Punishment" and ÒThe Brothers Karamazov.Ó This class will consist of lectures, discussion, and four disputes.
SociologyDistribution I: May be counted as a Distributional course in Society. This seminar explores the conditions under which women become politically active and the relevance of gender to forms of activism, organizational practices, and choice of issues. Contemporary and historical case studies will examine women's activism in feminist and anti-feminist movements and organizations, in single sex-organizations devoted to a broad range of goals, and mixed-gender movements, including civil rights and trade unions.
South Asian StudiesSAST-393-401 (ENGL-393-401)
The Literature and Historiography of National Trauma: Partition and South Asia Suvir Kaul R 1:30-4:30 Distribution III This course will examine the way in which imaginative literature and film have addressed the difficult socio-political issues leading up to, and following from, the independence and partition of British India. Pakistan and India came into being as nation-states in moments of great national trauma: historians have long argued over the process that led up to Partition, and we will study some of these debates, but for the most part we will examine novels, short stories, poetry, and some films to think about the impact of Partition and Independence on communities and individuals in South Asia. In doing so, we will recognize the continuing role played by these events and experiences in shaping the cultural, social, and political realities of contemporary South Asia. We will also learn about the crucial role played by literary and creative texts in making available to us the full dimensions of human tragedy, especially those precipitated when the imperatives of nation-formation redefine the lives of individuals or of sub-national communities.
Urban StudiesDistribution II: May be counted as a Distributional course in History & Tradition. Inspired by Penn's founder, Ben Franklin, President Amy Gutmann has identified rising to the challenge of a diverse democracy and educating students for democratic citizenship as critical goals of her administration. Since the present undergraduate curriculum falls short in this regard, the seminar aims to synthesize numerous, unrelated, academically-based community service courses into an effectively integrated curriculum. As now envisioned, the new Penn curriculum developed by the seminar would have as a significant component, thematic, problem-solving clusters, i.e., interrelated, cross-disciplinary, complementary sets of courses designed to stimulate and empower students to produce, not simply consumer, societally-useful knowledge. By societally-useful knowledge, we mean knowledge actively used to solve global strategic problems of democracy and society, schooling and society, health and society, poverty and society, environment and society, culture and society, etc., as those global problems manifest themselves locally at Penn and in West Philadelphia/Philadelphia. Immigrants, African-Americans, and Cities in Twentieth Century America URBS-220-402 (URBS-214-402)
Women's StudiesWSTD-390-401 (ENGL-390-401)
Topics in Gender, Sexuality, and Literature: Friendship Heather Love T 1:30-4:30 Distribution III This seminar offers an introduction to the history and philosophy of friendship. We will consider friendship in relation to eros and same-sex desire; as a mode of political thought; and in relation to questions of representation and truth. We will take up twentieth-century transformations in marriage and kinship and will reflect at length on recent queer rethinkings of friendship "as a way of life." Students will also be asked to think about the classroom as an alternative space of social relations and to design and lead one pedagogical experiment during the semester. Readings by Plato, Aristotle, Montaigne, Shakespeare, Walt Whitman, Sarah Orne Jewett, Henry James, Gertrude Stein, Carson McCullers, James Baldwin, Toni Morrison, Alan Hollinghurst, and others. One class presentation; pedagogy project; long final paper. Women and Political Activism WSTD-431-401 (SOCI-425-401) This seminar explores the conditions under which women become politically active and the relevance of gender to forms of activism, organizational practices, and choice of issues. Contemporary and historical case studies will examine women's activism in feminist and anti-feminist movements and organizations, in single sex-organizations devoted to a broad range of goals, and mixed-gender movements, including civil rights and trade unions. |
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