1) Cedar-apple rust on apple leaves         2) Cedar-apple rust telia on juniper       3) Cedar-hawthorne rust on                                                                                                                             hawthorne fruit

RUSTS- Caused by a variety of different fungi, rusts usually appear as rusty-orange spots on the leaves and/or orange lesions on twigs and petioles. Rusts occur on many different plants. The most common rusts in this area are from the Gymnosporangium family. These rusts infect members of the plant family Rosaceae. Quince rust, hawthorne rust and cedar-apple rust have complex life cycles that require two hosts. During reproduction of these fungi on apple, quince and hawthorne, white tubular structures, called aecia, emerge from infected fruit and lesions on stems and leaves. The alternate hosts, junipers and red cedars, develop unusual, gelatinous, many-armed structures called telia. These reproductive structures can be found during warm spring rains. The methods for control are to select resistant varieties or to remove one of the hosts from the area. Hand picking of telia from the junipers can also reduce the procreation of the rust. Proper fungicide application can be effective if applied when petal tissue is visible but before flower buds open.