ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURE
(FA) {ARCH}

Undergraduate Studios

L/R 201. Visualization I: Representation. (A) Phillips.

Introduces technical drawing and explores its thematic possibilities, through both an analysis of antecedents and the production of new works. These complimentary studies serve both to establish an understanding of representation as the foundation to visual communications and to develop the ability for seeing through drawing.

202. Visualization II: Fabrication. (B) Phillips. Prerequisite(s): ARCH 201.

Continues research into visualization with a special emphasis introducing the fabrication shop, tools and techniques. The capacity of materials, their manipulation and the consequences of their inter-relationships are explored as a fundamental issue in making. Through the analysis of precedents and the production of new works, visualizing these relationships compliments drawing with a material imagination and vocabulary.

301. Design Fundamentals I: Perception. (A) Mitnick/Schmidt-Ulrich. Prerequisite(s): ARCH 202.

An introduction to principles of visual perception and the language of visual form. Students explore the relationship between the two-dimensional images and their corresponding three-dimensional interpretation in plan, section, elevation, axonometric, one-point perspective, and two-point perspective. Moving back and forth between these dimensions leads to the development of a working design method.

302. Design Fundamentals II: Structure and Metaphor. (B) Mitnick/Schmidt-Ulrich. Prerequisite(s): ARCH 301.

An introduction to two and three-dimensional design. Students explore the relationship between form and meaning, investigating the relationship between visual structure and metaphor, acquiring creative problem-solving skills in abstract and concrete processes, developing a sense of material and craft, and learning to communicate verbally and graphically.

401. Architecture and Landscape Design I. (A) Leatherbarrow/Berrizbeitia. Prerequisite(s): ARCH 302.

An introduction to fundamental topics in architecture and landscape architecture. Issues of mapping, placement, scale, and construction are explored through studio design exercises, site visits, and discussions. Course work focuses on the preparation and presentation of discrete design projects that emphasize the acquisition of representational and analytical skills, and the development of imaginative invention and judgment.

402. Architecture and Landscape Design II. (L) Wesley. Prerequisite(s): ARCH 401.

A continuing exploration of architectural design. Content and technique in representation and construction are explored through various studio design exercises.

Undergraduate Theory

411. (LARP780) History and Theory I. (A) Faculty. Corequisite(s): ARCH 401.

This is a lecture course with discussion groups that meet weekly with teaching assistants.

L/R 412. Theory II. (B) Leatherbarrow. Corequisite(s): ARCH 402.

The topics of this course are a number of the ideas and places which persist in in architecture because they are always invented. Being oriented towards topics, this course is neither theory in the strong sense nor about form in the general sense; rather, its subjects are the places where the knowledge inherent in creative making are located.

Undergraduate Intensive Major in Design

431. (ARCH531) Construction I. (A) Falck.

Course explores basic principles and concepts of architectural technology and describes the interrelated nature of structure, construction and environmental systems.

432. (ARCH532) Construction II. (B) Falck.

A continuation of Construction I, focusing on light and heavy steel frame construction, concrete construction, light and heavyweight cladding systems and systems building.

433. (ARCH533) Environmental Systems I. (A) Malkawi.

An introduction to the influence of thermal and luminous phenomenon in the history and practice of architecture. Issues of climate, health and environmental sustainability are explored as they relate to architecture in its natural context. The classes include lectures, site visits and field exploration.

434. (ARCH534) Environmental Systems II. (B) Braham.

This course examines the environmental technologies of larger buildings, including heating, ventilating, and air conditioning, lighting, and acoustics. Class meetings are divided between slide lectures, work sessions, and site visits.

L/L 435. (ARCH535) Structures I. (A) Farley.

Theory applied toward structural form. A review of one-dimensional structural elements; a study of arches, slabs and plates, curved surface structures, lateral and dynamic loads; survey of current and future structural technology. The course comprises both lectures and a weekly laboratory in which various structural elements, systems, materials and technical principles are explored.

L/L 436. (ARCH536) Structures II. (B) Farley.

A continuation of the equilibrium analysis of structures covered in Structures I. The study of static and hyperstatic systems and design of their elements. Flexural theory, elastic and plastic. Design for combined stresses; prestressing. The study of graphic statics and the design of trusses. The course comprises both lectures and a weekly laboratory in which various structural elements, systems, materials and technical principles are explored.

Undergraduate Electives

SM 102. Architecture Today. (A) Rybczynski.

Why do buildings by different Architects look so different? The Getty Museum in Los Angeles, for example, is quite different from the Bilbao Guggenheim; Rem Koolhas' proposed library in Seattle seems world's apart from Tom Beeby's Harold T. Washington Library in Chicago. In addition to site function, and construction, architecture is affected by style, and today there are many different stylistic approaches. Style is neglected in most discussions of architecture yet it is central to the design and appreciation of buildings. The seminar will examine the role that style plays in the work of prominent contemporary architects both in the United States and abroad. Field trips, seminars and selected readings will form the basis for four graphic and written assignments

SM 311. Architecture and the Institutions of Public Life. (A) Leatherbarrow.

The stories of our lives are recorded in the spaces of our lives. In much the same way that literacy is both cultivated and preserved in books, cultural memory obtains legible shape in buildings. This course will study how architectural settings accommodate and express the events of our lives, particularly those events that occur in cities and their institutions, for cities have always been and remain culture's most efficient and eloquent articulation.

We will study buildings and cities from a wide range of regions and periods; roughly speaking, from antiquity to the present, in the Americas and Europe. Readings for the course will come from architect authors, as well as other writers who describe buildings and cities: poets, philosophers and historians. Students will analyze and discuss built works in four ways: weekly readings and written summaries, a prepatory tutorial with the professor, a class presentation, and a final interpretative essay. Because we will examine buildings, paintings and texts, the course will involve spatial, pictorial and verbal understanding.

413. (ARCH713) Ecology, Technology and Design. Braham.

This course will examine the ecological nature of design at a range of scales, from the most intimate aspects of product design to the largest infrastructures, from the use of water in bathroom to the flow of traffic on the highway. It is a first principle of ecological design that everything is connected, and that activities at one scale can have quite different effects at other scales, so the immediate goal of the course will be to identify useful and characteristic modes of analyzing the systematic, ecological nature of design work, from the concept of the ecological footprint to market share.

The course will also draw on the history and philosophy of technology to understand the particular intensity of contemporary society, which is now characterized by the powerful concept of the complex, self-regulating system. The system has become both the dominant mode of explanation and the first principle of design and organization.

440. Introduction to Computers in Architecture. (B) Kearney.

This course provides an introduction to computer graphic technology in the context of current architectural practice. We use AutoCAD's latest release (now 2007) as the basic software for the course. AutoCAD is the most widely-used architectural software and provides a good grounding for exploration of other programs. Topics include basic vector graphics, two-dimensional drawing and drafting and basic three-dimensional modeling. The coursse is organized around a series of structured exercises that illustrate basic principles and enable students to develop greater facility with the software. The modeling emphasis is placed on quick study models as part of the design process. There is also a field trip to the offices of Venturi, Scott Brand and Associates to see the use of computers nin their practice. No experience with Auto CAD software is required.

462. (ARCH762) Design and Development. (B) Rybczynski.

The purpose of this course is to introduce non-architects to architecture, and to describe the important contribution that physical design can make to successful real estate development. Issues in contemporary architecture and discussed. The examples and reading illustrate the important role of architectural design in development. Topics include space planning, commercial buildings, retail environments, adaptive reuse, downtown development, mixed-use projectes, housing (both single- and multi-family), and planned communities. Invited lecturers include architectes, real estate developers, and homebuilders.

490. Independent Study. (C) Faculty. Prerequisite(s): Permission of the Director of the Undergraduate Program.

491. Senior Thesis. (C) Faculty. Prerequisite(s): Permission of the Director of the Undergraduate Program.

499. Senior Honors Thesis. (C) Prerequisite(s): Permission of the Director of the Undergraduate Program.

SM 726. Furniture Design. (B) Faculty.

Graduate Studios

501. Design Studio I. (A) Russo and Faculty. Corequisite(s): ARCH 521.

An introductory architectural design studio through which students develop critical, analytical and speculative design abilities in architecture. Students develop representational techniques for the analysis of social and cultural constructs, and formulate propositions for situating built form in the arena of the urban and suburban environment. The studio initiates innovation through the analysis of complex systems, algorithms and the cultivation of spatialformations and behaviors that are emergent and yet defined. It introduces computation, geometric techniques, and digital fabrication. Projects explore the formation of space in relation to the body, and the development of small scale public programs.

502. Design Studio II. (B) Fierro and Faculty. Corequisite(s): ARCH 522.

This studio focuses on the design of small and medium-scale urban buildings in their relationship to existing urban contexts and dynamics, including social and cultural formations, and the flows of people, economies, and information. Sitting, organization of space, program, and tectonic expression are stressed. The City of Philadelphia provides an urban laboratory to explore how architectural interventions can contribute to urban life and growth.

601. Design Studio III. (A) Braham and Faculty. Corequisite(s): ARCH 621.

The first intermediate design studio consisting of six independent sections, each with its own orientation to issues of technology and ecology. Design projects involve more complex public or institutional buildings, and require the detailed resolution of one ecological and technological dimension. Ecologies are considered in their natural, social, and technological dimensions, and in various degrees of abstraction and realization. This includes affinities between modesof analyzing and operating within natural ecosystems and systemic models of analysis of organizations, economies, urbanisms and material cultures, alternativeeconomies, and the cultural politics of environmentalism, as well as the study of energy and resource use, recycling, environmental quality, and biomimetics. The studio is taught in close collaboration with Visual Studies Workshop III, whose techniques and exercises are tailored to each studio section.

602. Design Studio IV. (B) Faculty.

This studio enables students to develop and resolve the design of a building in terms of program, organization, construction and the integration of structures, enclosure and environmental systems as well as life safety issues. Studentsselect from a range of individually-directed studios within this overall framework. Each instructor develops a different approach and project for their section of this studio.

Studios incorporate the expertise of external consultants in advanced areas of technology, engineering and manufacturing.

701. Design Studio V. (C) Faculty.

A set of Advanced Architectural Design studios are offered from which students select through a lottery. Topics and sites vary by instructor.

702. Design Studio VI. (B) Faculty.

In the final semester of the program, students select from three options: ARCH 702, an advanced design studio, ARCH 704, a research studio, the exploration ofa topic or theme established by an individual faculty member or group of faculty members; or ARCH 706, an independent design thesis, the exploration of a topic or theme under the supervision of a thesis advisor.

703. Post-Professional Architectural Design Studio. (A) Dubbeldam.

An Advanced Architectural Design Studio specifically tailored to post-professional students. Through this studio, students engage in the challenges and opportunities presented by changes in society, technology, and urban experience. Through design projects, they explore alternative modes and markets for practice,along with new directions and new tools for design.

704. Advanced Design:Research Studio. (B) Faculty.

In the final semester of the program, students select from three options: ARCH 702, an advanced design studio; ARCH 704, a research studio, the exploration ofa topic or theme established by an individual faculty member or group of faculty member or group of faculty members; or ARCH 706, an independent design thesis, the exploration of a topic or theme under the supervision of a thesis advisor

706. Independent Thesis. (B) Faculty.

In the final semester of the program, students select from three options: ARCH 702, an elective design studio, selected from among the design studios offered for ARCH 602; ARCH 704, a research studio, the exploration of a topic or theme established by an individual faculty member or group of faculty members; or ARCH 706, an independent design thesis, the exploration of a topic or theme under the supervision of a thesis advisor.

718. (EALC258) Japanese Architecture. (A) Steinhardt.

An introduction to the visual, aesthetic, historical, religious, philosophical, and symbolic aspects of Japanese structures from earliest times to the mid-19th century. Through a discussion of shrines, temples, palaces, tombs, cities, and gardens the student will explore what makes Japanese architecture distinctive and how the traditions of Japanese architecture evolve over time.

Graduate Visual Studies Workshops

521. Visual Studies I. (A) Veikos and Faculty. Corequisite(s): Arch 501.

A half-credit course that focuses on modes and methods of architectural representation, using both hand drawing and computer modeling. Aspects of visual analysis, descriptive geometry, orthographic projection, and architectural representation are introduced through lectures and explored through a series of assignments.

522. Visual Studies II. (B) Faculty. Corequisite(s): ARCH 502.

A continuation of the study of modes and methods of architectural representation. Media-specific techniques of visual analysis and simulation including drawing, modeling, rendering and animation are introduced through lectures and demonsstrations. Assignments combine and alternate media to develop hybrids of virtual and material techniques.

621. Visual Studies III. (A) Faculty. Corequisite(s): Arch 601.

The final of the Visual Studies half-credit courses. Drawings are explored as visual repositories of data from which information can be gleaned, geometries tested, designs refined and transmitted. Salient strengths of various digital media programs are identified and developed through assignments that address the specific intentions and challenges of the design studio project.

786. Summer Program in Mexico City. (L) Castillo.

The summer program in Mexico City provides an introduction to the issues and conditions faced by a large city such as Mexico and relates them to contemporary practices and theories of architecture and urban design. This is done through a series of lectures, site visits, case studies as well as short but intense analytical/design exercises. In addition, the comprehensive program presents some of the dominant architectural, urban, historical and geographical narratives that shape the built environment in the city today.

Graduate Required and Designated Courses

L/R 511. History and Theory I. (A) Lahiji.

The first of three required courses in the history and theory of architecture, this is a lecture course with discussion groups that meet weekly with teaching assistants. The course explores fundamental ideas and models of architecture that have emerged over the past three hundred years, with specific focus on constructive and generative models.

L/R 512. (ARCH412) History and Theory II. (B) Leatherbarrow.

The topics of this course are a number of the ideas and places which persist inarchitecture because they are always invented. Being oriented towards topics, this course is neither theory in the strong sense nor about form in the generalsense; rather, its subjects are the places where the knowledge inherent in creative making are located.

531. (ARCH431) Construction I. (A) Falck.

Course explores basic principles and concepts of architectural technology and describes the interrelated nature of structure, construction and environmental systems.

532. (ARCH432) Construction II. (B) Falck.

A continuation of Construction I, focusing on light and heavy steel frame construction, concrete construction, light and heavyweight cladding systems and systems building.

533. (ARCH433) Environmental Systems I. (A) Malkawi.

534. (ARCH434) Environmental Systems II. (B) Braham.

This course examines the environmental technologies of larger buildings, including heating, ventilating, air conditioning, lighting, and acoustics. Modern buildings are characterized by the use of such complex systems that not only havetheir own characteristics, but interact dynamically with one another and with the building skin and occupants. Questions about building size, shape, and construction become much more complex with the introduction of sophisticated feedback and control systems that radically alter their environmental behavior and resource consumption. Class meetings are divided between slide lectures, demonstrations, and site visits. Course work includes in-class exercises, homework assignments, and a comprehensive environmental assessment of a room in a buildingon campus.

L/L 535. (ARCH435) Structures I. (A) Farley. Corequisite(s): Arch 535.

L/L 536. (ARCH436) Structures II. (B) Farley. Corequisite(s): Arch 536.

L/R 611. History and Theory III. (A) Furjan.

This is the third and final required course in the history and theory of architecture. It is a lecture course that examines selected topics, figures, projects, and theories from the history of architecture and related design fields during the 20th century. The course also draws on related and parallel historical material from other disciplines and arts, placing architecture into a broader socio-cultural-political-technological context. Seminars with teaching assistants complement the lectures.

631. Technology Case Studies I. (A) Falck.

A study of the active integration of various building systems in exemplary architectural projects. To deepen students' understanding of the process of building, the course compares the process of design and construction in buildings of of similar type. The course brings forward the nature of the relationship between architectural design and engineering systems, and highlights the crucial communication skills required by both the architect and the engineer.

632. Technology: Designated Elective. (B) Faculty.

Several sections are offered from which students make a selection. This year's selections include: Space and Structure; Surface/Effects.

638. Technology: Special Topics. (B) Faculty.

Several sections are offered from which students make a selection. This year's selections are: Building Acoustics; High-Performance Building Envelopes; Building Systems; Lighting and Component Design.

671. Professional Practice I. (A) Steinberg.

This course consists of a series of workshops that introduce students to a diverse range of practices that architects currently employ and the architectural profession more generally.

672. Professional Practice II. (B) Steinberg.

A continuaton of ARCH 671. Further study of the organizational structures of architectural practices today. The course is designed as a stimulating workshop that allows students and future practitioners the opportunity to develop the analytical skills required to enter the practice world. The course meets four times during the course of the semester.

772. Professional Practice III. (B) McHenry.

This course addresses the nature of architecture practices, requirements pertaining to professional registration, regulatory frameworks, contractual and legal responsibilities, professional ethics, firm management, marketing, and the stages of project delivery.

Graduate Electives

SM 711. Topics in History and Theory I. (A) Faculty.

A seminar on advanced topics in architectural design and theory. Topics and instructors will vary.

712. (EALC158, EALC558) Topics in Architectural History and Theory II. (B) Faculty.

Several sections are offered from which students make a selection. Topics and instructors will vary.

713. (ARCH413) Ecology, Technology, and Design. (A) Braham.

SM 715. Seminar on Architectural Criticism: Frank Lloyd Wright and the Disappearing City. (A) Rybczynski.

Between 1922, when he established himself in Los Angeles, America's premier automobile city, and his death in 1959, Frank Lloyd Wright developed a consistent and complex vision of the future of American urbanism. The best-known expression of this vision was Broadacre City, his idealized urban proposal, but he also wrote a number of master plans, and built a series of "Usonian" houses. Although Wright's decentralized version of urbanism was the consuming work of the long, mature phase of his career, it has been largely ignored, or regarded as a misguided folly. Yet, low-density suburbanization has become the preferred and dominant form of American urbanization, precisely as Wright foresaw. It would be useful to reexamine Wright's ideas afresh, not as the idiosyncratic foible of an erratic genius, but as a remarkably prescient analysis of American culture and urbanism. The seminar will explore the architectural and urban design implications of Wright's vision, in the light of present-day developments.

722. Drawing Elective. (B) Faculty.

SM 731. Experiments in Structures. (A) McCleary.

This course will study the classification of structural configurations in orderto consider the significance of their dimensionality, directionality, axes of restraint and degrees of freedom. The taxonomy of braced frameworks in general and trussed beams in particular will be considered. There will be structural analysis of trusses using graphic statics and computer techniques. Students will either interpret a truss patented in the United States or experiment on the structure and geometric space of the braided tensile truss. Interpretations will include an explanation of the historical facts, built examples and a computerstructural analysis; an evaluation of its efficiency in terms of strain energy for a given potential energy, and in comparison to A.G. Mitchell's minimum volume frameworks; an expression of the rational improvements that could be proposed.

732. Building Systems Integration. (A) Malkawi.

This course explores the interrelationships of environmental control systems by means of building type studies. Innovative systems will be emphasized. Projects such as residential, educational and commercial buildings, office and assembly buildings. The relationship between energy conservation and the principles of initial building cost versus life cycle costs will be discussed.

739. (HSPV551) Building Pathology. (M) Henry.

This course addresses the subject of building deterioration and intervention, with the emphasis on the technical aspects of deterioration. Construction and reconstruction details and assemblies are analyzed relative to functional and performance characteristics. Case studies cover subsurface conditions, structural systems, wall and roof systems, and interior finishes with attention to performance, deterioration, and stabilization or intervention techniques.

741. Contemporary Processes in Architecture: Experimental Design & Its Effects. (A) Rahim.

This seminar will explore conceptual organizational schema, and their manifestation in architectural production, as presented by Experimental Architects using digital media. One of the most obvious characteristics of the media is the way in which it brings about changes in patterns of physical objects and processes from conception to production. The thought process that accompanies this change is agile and relies on a wide-ranging knowledge of philosophy, cultural theory and the natural sciences. We will be examining these three intellectual lineages and their various influences on temporal techniques and their affects on spatial and material organization.

744. Digital Fabrication. (B) Faculty.

A seminar and design workshop that explores associative and parametric CAD-CAM strategies, to enable an interactive continuity between conception and fabrication. Through parametric 3D constructions, students will explore how to link dink different aspects of the architectural projects, such as: (1) design intention; (2) control of variation and adaptation; (3) construction constraints; (4) digital fabrication processes. The course emphasizes the cross-fertilization of formal, technical and performative aspects of the design activity.

748. Advanced Digital Media. (B) Faculty.

Technique: a method of accomplishing a desired effect. Media: the material/virtual means of transmission of the desired effect. This seminar will investigate specific media-based techniques and their latent ideologies through the analysis of selected paintings, photographs and films. Lectures and discussions of selected texts will examine how these techniques have impacted architectural culture in the modern period. A critical study of learned perceptions and conventions of seeing and of the media that stand between that which we believe to be real and the image will serve as the basis for creative investigations into depictions of space and material using digital media. By introducing themes that outline intersections between media-specific techniques and architectural practice, the course will enable the creative exploration of new methodologies and techniques related to digital media and its implications on the representation and formation of space. There will be a required presentation that will be developed into a final paper or project.

752. (CPLN760, UDES752) Case Studies in Urban Design. (B) Hack.

Through three case studies and a final project this course explores several fundamentally different ways in which the urban design process is realized in this country: The campus as historical prototype and contemporary paradigm; the new community both modernist and neo-traditionalist; expansion/relocation of CBD; and urban/suburban in-fill. Particular emphasis is placed on the roles of planning, historic preservation and landscape architecture in the practice of urban design.

762. (ARCH462) Design and Development. (B) Rybczynski.

765. Project Management. (A) Arena.

An introduction to techniques and tools of managing the design and construction of large and small construction projects. Topics include delivery systems, management tools, cost-control and budgeting systems, professional roles. Case studies serve to illustrate applications. Cost-control and budgeting systems are described. Case studies illustrate the application of techniques in the field.

768. (REAL321, REAL821) Real Estate Development. (B) Nakahara. Prerequisite(s): REAL 721.

This course analyzes the development process in terms of the different functions performed by real estate developers and architects, and the interrelationships, between these two professions. Emphasis is placed on property evaluation site planning, building design, underlying economics and discounted cash flow analysis. Outside lecturers are featured.

780. Architecture in the Schools. (D) Braham.

Students are paired with professional architects to teach architecture in Philadelphia public schools.

790. Research in Architecture: Architectural Culture. (A) Turnbull.

This course examines the scope of research culture as it has developed in architecture over the past decade and as it evolves to address new conditions. The three central themes of the course are World Cities, Building Effects, and Mind-Bodies. These themes subtend from an economic and political analysis of globalization and encompass the ecological imperatives and opportunities related to the widespread use of digital media. Students will be required to write a term paper, document a process of rigorous research, or prepare a design that tests a hypothesis or demonstrates a proposition arising from a specific research agenda.

999. Independent Study. (D) Faculty.

This course enables student to undertake a self-directed study on a topic in Architecture, under the supervision of a faculty member. Students are required to make a proposal for the study to the Department Chair, outlining the subject and method of investigation, and confirming the course supervisor at least two weeks prior to the beginning of the semester.

Graduate Elective Programs

500. Summer Preparatory Design Studio. (L) Mitnick.

An intensive drawing and design studio for candidates for admission to the Graduate Program in Architecture who are required to have additional design experience prior to enrolling in the Master of Architecture program. The drawing component addresses primarily black and white media (pencil, charcoal, ink, etc.) with some drafting and computer drawing as well. Exercises sharpen the student's ability to see selectively and transform image to paper through both line and tonal renditions. The design part of the studio presents a rhythm of basic three-dimensional design skills and simple architectural investigations that build fundamental skills and acquaint students with issues of form/space, conceptualization, transformation of scale, simple functional and constructional problems and a sensitivity to context.

674. (LARP674) Curricular Practical Training: Internship in Architecture. (L) Steinberg.

This class has been developed for Master of Architecture students who will be working for a licensed architect in a country other than their home country. The course develops critical thinking about the organization, operation, and ethics of professional practice in architecture. It also allows students to begin accumulating the training units required for professional licensure following the definitions developed by National Council of Architectural Registration Boards (NCARB) Intern Development Program (IDP). Course work includes on-line readings, discussions, exercises that focus on the work experience, and the submission of a summary report. Requirement: Student must be employed by a licensed architect for no less than 60 days.

782. Summer Program in Paris. (L) McCleary.

A six week program of study in Paris, France focused on the relationship of Parisian architecture to engineering over the past two hundred years.

784. Summer Program in Japan. (L) Atkin/Feldman/Maruyama.

A six week program of study in Japan that includes traditional as well as contemporary Japanese architecture and culture.

Ph.D. Program

811. Theory I. (A) Leatherbarrow.

This is a required seminar for first year PhD and M.S. students, but is open to upper level Masters students. It re-reads and re-thinks the primary texts and theories of the discipline of architecture, endeavoring to understand them in their historical context and as they bear on contemporary questions. While built works and drawn projects are the point of focus in the course, the materials studied include original treatises, essays and letters. This course acts as a foundation for scholarly research and publication.

812. Theory II. (B) Mertins.

A PhD seminar in the history and theory of architecture which is open to all grraduate students. Each year a different theme is used to structure a program of study through writings and designs by architects. This course acts as a foundation for scholarly research and publication. A continuation of ARCH 811.

851. Dissertation Bibliography. (D) Faculty.

This course is essentially an independent study, undertaken by doctoral students in preparation for the Field Examination. This course should be taken in conjunction with ARCH 852 after all other courses have been completed. Normally a member of the student's Dissertation Committee supervises this course.

852. Dissertation Proposal. (D) Faculty.

This course is essentially an independent study, undertaken by doctoral students in order to write the Proposal for the Dissertation. The Proposal is preparedbefore and defended during the Field Examination. This course should be taken in conjunction with ARCH 851 after all other courses have been completed. Normally a member of the student's Dissertation Committee supervises this course.