HISTORY (AS) {HIST}

ANCIENT HISTORY (ANCH): All courses taken in Ancient History (ANCH) at the University of Pennsylvania will be considered equivalent to courses taken within the History Department.

General Survey Courses (1-99)

L/R 001. Europe in a Wider World. (A) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. Goldberg. The rise and growth of European civilization, from the decline of the Roman Empire, through the Middle Ages, to the religious Reformation and the beginnings of overseas expansion.

L/R 002. Europe in A Wider World. (B) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. Granieri. An examination of European social, economic, political and cultural development from 1500 to the present, with attention to Europe's impact on the rest of the world.

003. EALC103, EALC503) Asia in a Wider World. (A) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Waldron. Integrated introduction to the history of Asia from the middle ages to early modern times (roughly 1100-1800), including China, Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia, and the great empires of Genghis Khan, Tamerlane, and the Turks, during the period of transition from cosmopolitan empires to nation-states. Presumes no prior knowledge. Emphasis is on Asia's place in world history, with basic narrative, consideration of connections through trade, navigation, and migration; examination of warfare and military technology,and comparisons of social, religious, cultural and identity structures. Substantial attention is also paid to Russia, India, and the Middle East, and to relations with Europe. Readings include translated primary sources. Prepares for Hist 004 and for upper level courses in Asian and world history.

004. Asia in a Modern World, 1600-Present. (B) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Waldron. Asia in a Modern World examines the histories and interactions of the states of Asia from roughly 1600 to the present, laying stress on both internal change and international rivalry and cooperation. Although there are no prerequisites, History 004 is the natural continuation of History 003, Asia in a Wider World. History 004 is intended as an introduction to the fascinating and complex history of Eurasia, taken as a whole, from 1600 to the present. It seeks to make this mass of complex events intelligible by clarifying the interrelationships that bind it together.

007. (AFRC001) Introduction to Africana Studies. (C) Humanities & Social Science Sector. Class of 2010 & beyond. Zuberi, Beavers, Charles, Savage, Shaw. See primary department (AFRC) for a complete course description.

010. (LALS010) The World 900-1750. (C) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. Feros. An introduction to world history before the industrial revolution. Coverage varies each year, but every year the focus will be on the world outside Europe and the U.S. Focus each semester on comparative and connective themes, such as trade and civilization, empires, agrarian societies and livelihoods, slavery and the slave trade, and expansion of world religions.

L/R 011. The World: History and Modernity. (C) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. Lees. An explanation of major themes, milestones, and debates in the history of the global community since 1300. Using examples from around the world, the course will explore such issues as the causes of war and revolution; the impact of religion, science and technology on human communities; the development of global systems of slavery, colonialism, and labor migration; the rise of nationalisms; and perceived differences between "East" and "West," and "tradition" and "modernity." The course will also introduce students to the art and science of historical inquiry using primary sources, maps, pictures, and material culture.

L/R 020. History of the United States to 1865. (A) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. Richter. An analysis of American society from the founding of the Colonies to the outbreak of Civil War. Topics to be emphasized include: the interaction among European, Indian and African cultures in the New World; the shaping of the distinctive American character; the creation of an independent nation-state; and the crisis of the Union. Special attention will be given to biographical profiles of the men and women who helped shape American history during this period.

L/R 021. United States History 1865 To Present. (B) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. Kropp. This course covers the social, political, and economic history of the nation from the Civil War to the present. Topics to be discussed include the causes and course of the Civil War, Reconstruction, politics in the Gilded Age, late nineteenth-century urbanization and immigration, Populism, Progressivism, the sociology and politics of the twenties, the New Deal, post-World War II America, the turbulence of the sixties, and contemporary affairs.

L/R 024. (ANCH025, NELC101) Middle Eastern Civilizations. (D) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. Staff. See primary department (NELC) for a complete course description.

L/R 026. (ANCH026) History of Ancient Greece. (A) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. McInerney. See primary department (ANCH) for a complete course description.

L/R 027. (ANCH027) History of Ancient Rome. (C) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. See primary department (ANCH) for a complete course description.

031. Europe 1000-1500: World of the Middle Ages. (C) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. Peters. The course will consider the creation of a distinctive European civilization from the economic, political, and cultural revolution of the late tenth and eleventh centuries to the beginning of the extension of European power into the non-European world around the turn of the sixteenth century. the course will consider change and continuity on both large and small scales, emphasizing such themes as power and order, the complexities of a pre-industrial economy, the formation of ethnic identities, and the worlds of formal thought and learning as well as those of the imagination and the arts. The course will also consider relations between Europe and the Islamic and Byzantine worlds as well as the role of northern and eastern Europe. A substantial part of the required reading will be original source materials in translation.

L/R 035. (STSC135) Biology and Society. (C) Adams. See primary department (STSC) for a complete course description.

040. Early Modern Europe, 1450-1750. (C) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. Safley. This course examines those European developments which contributed to the world we understand as modern. Special emphasis will be placed on the transformation of Europe through the advent of new technologies, the creation of a global economy, the consolidation of territorial states, the rise of effective, central governments, the dissolution of religious unity, and the dialect between modern and traditional world views.

L/R 048. (RUSS048) The Rise and Fall of the Russian Empire, 1552-1917. (C) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. Nathans/Holquist. How and why did Russia become the center of the world's largest empire, a single state encompassing eleven time zones and over a hundred ethnic groups? To answer this question, we will explore the rise of a distinct political culture beginning in medieval Muscovy, its transformation under the impact of a prolonged encounter with European civilization, and the various attempts to re-form Russia from above and below prior to the Revolution of 1917. Main themes include the facade vs. the reality of central authority, the intersection of foreign and domestic issues, the development of a radical intelligentsia, and the tension between empire and nation.

L/R 049. (RUSS049) The Soviet Century, 1917-1991. (C) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. Nathans/Holquist. Out of an obscure, backward empire, the Soviet Union emerged to become the great political laboratory of the twentieth century. This course will trace the roots of the world's first socialist society and its attempts to recast human relations and human nature itself. Topics include the origins of the Revolution of 1917, the role of ideology in state policy and everyday life, the Soviet Union as the center of world communism, the challenge of ethnic diversity, and the reasons for the USSR's sudden implosion at the end of the century.Focusing on politics, society, culture, and their interaction, we will examine the rulers (from Lenin to Gorbachev) as well as the ruled (peasants, workers, and intellectuals; Russians and non-Russians). The course will feature discussions of selected texts, including primary sources in translation.

050. England and the British Isles to 1707. (C) Todd. The subject of this course is the history of the British Isles from the Roman Conquest in 43AD to the creation of the United Kingdom in 1707. Between these two dates the various societies and cultures in the British Isles were brought into the orbit of the Roman Empire, converted to latin Christianity, and developed distinctive cultures and strong ties with the Continent. From the twelfth century on, the kingdom of England began to exert its power over Wales, Ireland, and Scotland, although English power waxed and waned in these areas between the twelfth and the seventeenth centuries. The Anglo-Norman continental empire of the Plantagenet dynasty also played a large part in shaping the English monarchy, as did the playing out of the Hundred Years War, the internal divisions in fifteenth-century English society, and the rise of the Tudor-Stuart dynasty.

051. Britain Since 1688. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Lees. The course traces British political and social development since the later seventeenth century. Main themes include the creation of a multi-national state through war, revolution, and conquest, the rise and fall of empires, development of parliamentary government, transitions to democracy, urban and industrial growth. Readings include novels, newspaper articles, and other primary sources.

070. (LALS070) Colonial Latin America. (A) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. Farnsworth-Alvear. Fulfills History & Tradition Distribution Requirement. The development of Latin America from pre-Columbian times to 1850. Emphasis is on the interaction between European, Indian, and African elements in colonial society, the growth of national consciousness, and the related phenomena of political instability and economic underdevelopment.

071. (LALS071) Latin American Survey 1791-Present. (B) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. Farnsworth-Alvear. Surveys Latin American and Caribbean history from the Haitian Revolution of 1791 to the present. We will examine the legacy of Spanish colonialism and slavery, movements for national and cultural independence, twentieth-century radicalism, and the politics of race in contemporary Latin America. Readings include fictional as well as analytical representations, and a film series will accompany the course.

L/R 075. (AFRC075, AFST075) Africa to 1800. (B) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. Babou. Survey of major themes and issues in African history before 1800. Topics include: early civilizations, African kingdoms and empires, population movements, the spread of Islam,and the slave trade. Also, emphasis on how historians use archaeology, linguistics, and oral traditions to reconstruct Africa's early history.

L/R 076. (AFRC076, AFST076) Africa Since 1800. (A) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. Cassanelli. Survey of major themes, events, and personalities in African history from the early nineteenth century through the 1960s. Topics include abolition of the slave trade, European imperialism, impact of colonial rule, African resistance, religious and cultural movements, rise of naturalism and pan-Africanism, issues of ethnicity and "tribalism" in modern Africa.

L/R 081. (NELC031) History of the Middle East Since 1800. (C) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. Kashani-Sabet/Troutt-Powell. A survey of the modern Middle East with special emphasis on the experiences of ordinary men and women as articulated in biographies, novels, and regional case studies. Issues covered include the collapse of empires and the rise of a new state system following WWI, and the roots and consequences of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, the Iranian revolution and the U.S.-Iraq War. Themes include: the colonial encounter with Europe and the emergence of nationalist movements, the relationship between state and society, economic development and international relations, and religion and cultural identity.

084. (NELC032) Topics in 20th C. Middle East. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Kashani-Sabet. If "the clash of civilizations" is the first image that jumps to mind when thinking about the modern Middle East, then this is the course for you. From the familiar narratives about the creation of modern nation-states to the oft-neglected accounts of cultural life, this course surveys the multi-faceted societies of the twentieth-century Middle East. Although inclusive of the military battles and conflicts that have affected the region, this course will move beyond the cliches of war and conflict in the Middle East to show the range of issues and ideas with which intellectuals and governments grappled throughout the century. The cultural politics and economic value of oil as well as the formation of a vibrant literary life will be among the topics covered in the course. By considering illustrative cultural moments that shed light on the political history of the period, this course will adopt a nuanced framework to approach the Arab/Israeli conflict, the history of the Gulf States, the Iran-Iraq War, and U.S. involvement in the region.

This course will survey the major political, economic, social and intellectual trends in the making of modern Japan. Special emphasis will be given to the turbulent relationship between state and society from 1800 to the present.

093. (COML103, FOLK103, THAR103) Performing History. (C) Distribution Course in Arts & Letters. Class of 2009 & prior only. St.George. From medieval processions to the Mummers Parade, from military reenactments to Mardi Gras, communities do more than "write" or "read" history in order to feel its power and shape their futures. Drawing upon traditions in theater, spectacle, religion, and marketing, they also perform their history--by replaying particular characters, restaging pivotal events and sometimes even changing their outcomes--in order to test its relevance to contemporary life and to both mark and contest ritual points in the annual cycle. This course will explore diverse ways of "performing history" in different cultures, including royal passages, civic parades, historical reenactments, community festivals, and film.

096. (EALC041) Late Imperial China. (C) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. Fei. This lecture course -- the first of a two-part sequence -- examines the history of late imperial China through the early 19th century. We begin with the Song dynasty transformation: the rise of gentry society and imperial absolutism, the institution of Confucian orthodoxy, the shift of the population and the economic center of gravity to the south, the commercialization of the economy, and change in the relative status of women and men. We then trace China's subsequent political and social history, including the following themes: inner vs. outer court politics; law, government, and society; intellectuals and political dissent; gender, family, and kinship practices; patterns of peasant life and rebellion; traditional foreign relations and first contacts with the West; internal sources of the decline of imperial order.

L/R 097. (EALC047) History of Modern China. (C) Fei. This lecture course -- the second of a two part sequence -- provides a broad survey of political history and social change from the fall of the imperial order to the "market socialism" of today, including the following themes: the interplay of new and traditional forces which made the end of one dynasty the end of a centuries-old political and social order; the political role of new social classes; the search for viable models; war with Japan, civil war, and rural revolution; socialist construction and the development of the two-line struggle; the impact of Cold War; the Cutural Revolution; the opening to the West, economic reforms, and social ferment since the death of Mao.

Freshman Seminars (101-106) and BFS Seminars (111-116) for Freshmen and Sophomores. These courses are open to a limited number of freshmen and, if space permits, to sophomores as well. Topics vary each semester.

SM 101. Freshman Seminar: Europe before 1800. (C) Staff.

SM 102. Freshman Seminar: Europe after 1800. (C) Staff.

SM 103. Freshman Seminar: America before 1800. (C) Staff.

SM 104. (AFRC103, ASAM013) Freshman Seminar: America after 1800. (C) Staff.

SM 105. Freshman Seminar: The World before 1800. (C) Staff.

SM 106. (AFST107) Freshman Seminar: The World After 1800. (C)

Benjamin Franklin Seminars

Topics vary each semester. Courses are mainly for freshmen and sophomores in the Benjamin Franklin Scholars program. Other students need instructor's consent.

SM 111. Europe before 1800: Benjamin Franklin Seminar. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Staff.

SM 112. Europe after 1800: Benjamin Franklin Seminar. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Staff.

SM 113. America before 1800: Benjamin Franklin Seminar. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Staff.

SM 114. America after 1800: Benjamin Franklin Seminar. (C) Staff.

SM 115. The World before 1800: Benjamin Franklin Seminar. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Staff.

SM 116. The World after 1800: Benjamin Franklin Seminar. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Staff.

Introductory Courses (100-level)

Topics vary each semester. Listings are posted outside the Department of History office during advance registration. Enrollment is limited; history majors will be given priority in admission.

SM 107. Comparative Capitalist Systems. (C) Humanities & Social Science Sector. Class of 2010 & beyond. Drew. The course follows the evolution of industrial capitalism since the beginning of the English industrial revolution in the late 18th century. It ranges from the problems of the industrial revolution in England to problems of building a market economy in eastern Europe today. In particular, it examines industrialization and explores the sources of sustained economic growth from a comparative perspective. Most of the world, especially in so-called emerging economies, is still confronted with the challenge, and often pain, of creating a modern industrial capitalist society. The course attempts to build a conceptual apparatus for understanding models of industrialization and is built around issues such as law, anti-trust, corporate forms, banking institutions, industrial relations, etc. By definition, the course tends to concentrate on successful industrializers around the world, but questions regarding continuing underdevelopment will be addressed.

L/R 117. (ENGL075, HSOC110, STSC110) Science and Literature. (A) Arts & Letters Sector. All Classes. Adams. See primary department (STSC) for a complete course description.

119. History of the Modern Business Corporation. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Drew. Over the last two centuries, the modern corporation has emerged as the dominant form of doing business throughout the world. As such, it not only effects people's daily lives, but also influences government policies and larger trends in society. This course looks at the history of the international corporation from the industrial revolution to the present, to consider how corporations have evolved and the varying ways in which they have influenced the history of our times. We will consider the fundamental debates surrounding the responsibility between shareholders, managers, workers, customers, and most importantly, society as a whole. Much of the course will involve an examination of case studies of individual companies, industries or issues, to understand how corporations have functioned in specific instances.

120. (EALC081) Korean History before 1860. (C) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. See primary department (EALC) for a complete course description.

121. (EALC082) Korean History After 1860. (C) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. Staff. See primary department (EALC) for a complete course description.

123. Economic History of Europe I. (C) Safley. This course concentrates on the economy of Europe in the Early Modern Period, 1450-1750. It was a time of great transition. Europe developed from an agriculturally-based to an industrially-based economy, with attendant changes in society and culture. From subsistence-level productivity, the European economy expanded to create great surfeits of goods, with attendant changes in consumption and expectation. Europe grew from a regional economic system to become part--some would say the heart--of a global economy, with attendant changes in worldview and identity. Economic intensification, expansion, globalization, and industrialization are our topics, therefore. Beginning with economic organizations and practices, we will consider how these changed over time and influenced society and culture. The course takes as its point of departure the experience of individual, working men and women: peasants and artisans, merchants and landlords, entrepeneurs and financiers. Yet, it argues outward: from the particular to the general, from the individual to the social, from the local to the global. It will suggest ways in which the economy influenced developments or changes that were not in themselves economic, shaped, and deflected economic life and practice.

L/R 126. Europe in the 19th Century. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Steinberg. This course covers the social, political, and cultural history of Europe during the "long" nineteenth-century from 17891890. Beginning with the French Revolution and ending on the eve of the First World War, the class focuses on long term developments such as the industrial revolution, urbanization, and imperialism as well as key events like the revolutions of 1848 and the Paris Commune. Readings draw on both primary and secondary material so as to introduce students to the m any divergent perspectives necessary to an understanding of the past.

127.Europe: 1890-1945. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Steinberg. This course, designed for first and second year students, continues the history of modern Europe from the high point of Empire and world domination at the end of the nineteenth century to collapse and ruin in 1945. The grand societies and rich states which composed the European state system in 1890 destroyed themselves in these fifty-five years. As many as eighty million Russians, Germans, Poles, Yugoslavs, Greeks, Italians and other Europeans died in slavelabor camps, and six million Jews were systematically murdered. Europe's flourishing Jewish community east of the Rhine was wiped out. On the 9th of May 1945, the day Nazi Germany surrended, the once prosperous continent was a smoking ruin, covered by rubble, pock-marked by craters and full of miserable starving people. This course will try to explain how and why Europe committed suicide in such a horrific way. It will cover Fascism, Nazism, Stalinism, the two world wars, the great economic depression and the Holocaust.

128.Europe since 1945. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Steinberg. This course offers a survey of European history, including both eastern and western Europe since World War II until the present. The course examines how Europe in all its complexity and cultures lived under the shadow of the Cold War. It examines the origins and nature of the cold War, not just in its diplomatic and political dimensions, but also its effects on the culture and people of Europe. It explores the reasons for the phenomenon of anti-Americanism and the series of revolts exploding throughout eastern Europe until the fall of the Berlin Wall. Finally, the course examines a number of thematic areas about European political culture, immigration, decolonization, the 1960s revolts and the 1970s terrorism, the resurgence of nationalism, but also the growth of the European community. The course explores the question: what does it mean to be European?

130. History of Globalization. (C) Humanities & Social Science Sector. Class of 2010 & beyond. Drew. Globalization seems the essence of modernity, but it is not a new phenomena. The world has already witnessed several eras of globalization, each of which transformed and changed the world in often similar but sometime unique fashions. This course will look at continuing trends towards globalization and consider its rich history and the contentious arguments that it has always provoked. Although the focus of the course will be on globalization during the 19th and 20th centuries, we will also consider earlier episodes of globalization, to fully appreciate its evolution and importance.

139. (JWST156, NELC051, NELC451, RELS120) History of Jewish Civilization I. (B) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. Dohrmann. A broad introduction to the history of Jewish civilization from its Biblical beginnings to the Middle Ages, with the main focus on the formative period of classical rabbinic Judaism and on the symbiotic relationship between Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

140. (JWST157, NELC052, NELC452, RELS121) History of Jewish Civilization: Early Middle Ages to the 17th Century. (A) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. Ruderman. A broad introduction to the history of Jewish civilization from the early Middle Ages to the 17th century. An overview of Jewish society and culture in its medieval and Renaissance settings.

L/R 141. (JWST158, NELC053, NELC453, RELS122) History of Jewish Civilization: 17th Century to the Present. (B) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. Wenger. This course offers an intensive survey of the major currents in Jewish culture and society from the late middle ages to the present. Focusing upon the different societies in which Jews have lived, the course explores Jewish responses to the political, socio-economic, and cultural challenges of modernity.Topics to be covered include the political emancipation of Jews, the creation of new religious movements within Judaism, Jewish socialism, Zionism, the Holocaust, and the emergence of new Jewish communities in Israel and the United States. No prior background in Jewish history is expected.

L/R 146. (FOLK145, HSOC145, STSC145) Comparative Medicine. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Feierman. See primary department (HSOC) for a complete course description.

150. (JWST130, JWST430, RELS124) American Jewish Experience. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Wenger. This course offers a comprehensive survey of American Jewish history from the colonial period to the present. It will cover the different waves of Jewish immigration to the United States and examine the construction of Jewish political, cultural, and religious life in America. Topics will include: American Judaism, the Jewish labor movement, Jewish politics and popular culture, and the responses of American Jews to the Holocaust and the State of Israel.

153. (URBS104) Urban Crisis: American Cities Since WW II. (C) Society Sector. All classes. Staff. See primary department (URBS) for a complete course description.

155. (ASAM003) Introduction to Asian American History. (C) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. Azuma. This course will provide an introduction to the history of Asian Pacific Americans, focusing on the wide diversity of migrant experiences, as well as the continuing legacies of Orientalism on American-born APA's. Issues of race, class, gender, and sexuality will also be examined.

L/R 159. Technology, Policy & War. (C) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. Waldron. Comparative and interdisciplinary examination of successful and failed uses of force in international relations, from ancient to modern times, using case studies. Readings will include Clausowitz, Sun Tzu, and a variety of primary and secondary sources for the wars considered each year. Issues of war's fundamental origins, and its many impacts on society, will also be considered.

L/R 160. Strategy, Policy and War. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Waldron. Analysis of the political use of force, both in theory and in practice, through analytical readings and study of selected wars. Readings include Sun Zi, Kautilya, Machiavelli, Clauseqitz and other strategists. Case studies vary but may include the Peloponnesian War, the Mongol conquests, the Crusades, the Crimean War, Russo-Japanese War, World War II, Korea, or the Falklands, among others, with focus on initiation, strategic alternatives, decision and termination. Some discussion of the law of war and international attempts to limit it.

161. American Capitalism. (C) Society Sector. All classes. Licht. A broad overview of American economic history will be provided by focusing on the following topics: colonial trade patterns, the growth of the market economy, the political economy of slavery, industrial expansion, segmentation in the labor force and changes in work, technological and organizational innovations, business cycles, the rise of the corporate welfare state, the growth of monopoly capitalism, and current economic problems in historical perspective.

L/R 164. Recent American History. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. This course examines major developments in United States history since the Great Depression, a tumultuous period that gave birth to many of our contemporary debates about the responsibilities of government, the possiblity of radical social change, and the meaning of citizenship. Reading primary documents alongside historical accounts, we will address the building of the New Deal state; the emergence of the United States as a superpower; the domestic and international repercussions of the Cold War; the impact of mass consumption, suburbanization, and new technologies; the civil rights movement and other drives for social change; the cultural and political fallout of the Vietnam War; transformations in gender roles and the family; and the end of the "American century."

L/R 165. The American Identity. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Hackney. This course will examine the history of what Americans have thought of themselves and of how that self-conception has changed over time. It will attempt to answer such questions the content of the core values and beliefs that Americans are assumed to share, who belongs and who doesn't, what is the American Dream and who is allowed to pursue it, is there an American national character and in what ways is it distinctive, how is an American hero supposed to act and how one can spot villains, why metaphors of identity are useful and why they fail, and whether it is possible to know the meaning of being an American, given our ever-changing cultural, racial and ethnic diversity.

168. (AFRC168) History of American Law to 1877. (A) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Berry. The course surveys the development of law in the U.S. to 1877, including such subjects as: the evolution of the legal profession, the transformation of English law during the American Revolution, the making and implementation of the Constitution, and issues concerning business and economic development, the law of slavery, the status of women, and civil rights.

169. (AFRC169) History of American Law Since 1877. (B) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Berry. This course covers the development of legal rules and principles concerning individual and group conduct in the United States since 1877. Such subjects as regulation and deregulation, legal education and the legal profession, and the legal status of women and minorities will be discussed.

L/R 170. (AFRC172) The American South. (D) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. McCurry. Southern culture and history from 1607-1860, from Jamestown to seccession. Traces the rise of slavery and plantation society, the growth of Southern sectionalism and its explosion into Civil War.

L/R 171. The American South 1860-Present. (D) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. Hackney. This course will trace the history of the American South from the end of the Civil War to the present. It will investigate Reconstruction, the New South, Populism, racial disfranchisement and the rise of Jim Crow, the politics of the One- Party South, the South in the Progressive era and its role in the New Deal and World War II, the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s, and the rise of the Republican South. While following the narrative of politics and economic development,we will pay particular attention to race relations and will be more than casually interested in gender roles. In addition, we will take frequent peeks at the evolving Southern identity as reflected in popular culture and literature as well as in other corners of the public sphere.

172. Native People of Eastern North America. (C) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. Richter. This course surveys Native American life east of the Mississippi River from earliest times to the present. The diverse histories of Native peoples will be examined both on their own terms and as continuing elements of the continent's broader story. Topics to be addressed include 16th- and 17th-century demographic, economic, and social consequences of contact with European peoples, 18th century strategies of resistance and accommodation to colonial powers, 19thcentury impacts of U.S. government removal and cultural assimilation policies, and 20th-century cultural and political developments among the region's surviving Native American communities.

176. (AFRC176) Afro-American History 1550-1876. (D) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. Engs. This course will study the history of Afro-Americans from their first encounter with Europeans in the 16th century to emancipation during the Civil War. The course will concentrate on the variety of black responses to capture, enslavement, and forced acculturation in the New World. The difference in the slave experience of various New World countries, and the methods of black resistance and rebellion to varied slave systems will be investigated. The nature and role of the free black communities in antebellum America will also be studied.

177. (AFRC177) Afro American History 1876 to Present. (D) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. Savage. A study of the major events, issues, and personalities in Afro-American history from Reconstruction to the present. It will also examine the different slave experiences and the methods of black resistance and rebellion in the various slave systems.

189. (NELC139) Modern Egypt. (C) Troutt-Powell. This course will seek to explore how Egyptian culture has dealt with its many pasts by investigating early modern and modern Egyptian history.With an emphasis on the 18th century to the present we will explore the culture of Egypt under the Ottoman Empire, slavery in Egypt, the unsuccessful French attempt to colonize Egypt and the successful British occupation of the country.

Seminar in History (201-206)

Topics vary each seminar. Listings are available from the Department of History office during advance registration, and at all times on the Web at http://www.history.upenn.edu. Enrollment is limited; history majors will be given priority in admission.

SM 201. (COML207, JWST201, RELS233) Major Seminar in History: Europe Before 1800. (C) Staff.

SM 202. (JWST202, LALS202, RUSS212) Major Seminar in History: Europe After 1800. (C) Staff.

SM 203. (GSOC203, HSOC204) Major Seminar in History: America Before 1800. (C) Staff.

SM 204. (AFRC205, JWST204, LALS204, URBS227) Major Seminar in History: America After 1800. (C) Staff.

SM 205. (JWST205, LALS205, NELC235, RELS212, URBS260) Major Seminar in History: The World before 1800. (C) Staff.

SM 206. (AFRC206, AFST206, EALC141, EALC541, URBS260) Major Seminar of the World after 1800. (C) Staff.

Advanced Benjamin Franklin Seminars

Topics vary each semester. Courses are mainly for juniors and seniors in the Benjamin Franklin Scholars program. Other students need instructor's consent.

SM 211. Europe before 1800: Advanced Benjamin Franklin Seminar. (C) Staff.

SM 212. (ITAL200) Europe after 1800: Advanced Benjamin Franklin Seminar. (C) Staff.

SM 213. America before 1800: Advanced Benjamin Franklin Seminar. (C) Staff.

SM 214. (AFRC215, GSOC214, JWST214, URBS220) America after 1800: Advanced Benjamin Franklin Seminar. (C) Staff.

SM 215. The World before 1800: Advanced Benjamin Franklin Seminar. (C) Staff.

SM 216. (NELC286) The World after 1800: Advanced Benjamin Franklin Seminar. (C) Staff.

Intermediate Courses (220-397)

SM 223. (ASAM203, GSOC222) Topics in Asian American Hstory. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Azuma. Topics include immigration patterns, adjustment to the new society, exclusion, racism, and economic activities.

275. (AFRC274, AFST274) Islam and Society in Africa. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Babou. This course is designed to provide the students with a broad understanding of the history of Islam in Africa. The focus will be mostly on West Africa, but we will also look at developments in other regions of the continent. We will examine the process of islamization in Africa and the interplay between Islam and the African traditional religions and customs. Topics include conversion, Islamic education and literacy, the status of women, Muslim response to European colonial domination, Islamic mysticism, and the contemporary development of Sunni movements.

306. Mediterranean World, 1000-1300. (C) Goldberg. A medieval ship plying the Mediterranean was often a frail thing: as a paying customer, you might find yourself helping to bail for eight days only to be dumped back on the coast where you started. In this course, we explore a period when increasingly, everyone, from every side of the Mediterranean, whatever the danger, was on the sea. Whether it is Maimonides fleeing Spain to become chief judge in Cairo, Richard the King of England conquering Cyprus but not quite getting to Jerusalem, Marco Polo seeking his fortune but telling his tales from prison in Genoa, a Parisian scholar traveling to Spain to learn the science of the Arabs, a work-a-day Arab businessman trying to get a shipment of cheese from Sicily to Alexandria, or maybe just a black rat carrying the plague, we will be looking at the reasons and ways people and things were on the sea. We will also look at what happened when cultures that mostly ignored each others' existence came into constant contact across and around the Mediterranean.

308. Renaissance Europe. (C) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. Moyer. This course will examine the cultural and intellectual movement known as the Renaissance, from its origins in fourteenth-century Italy to its diffusion into the rest of Europe in the sixteenth century. We will trace the great changes in the world of learning and letters, the visual arts, and music,along with those taking place in politics, economics, and social organization. We will be reading primary sources as well as modern works.

309. Age of Reformation. (C) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. Safley. The Protestant Reformation of the 16th century was a watershed in European history. It marked the culmination of centuries of religious, political and social change and had profound institutional and intellectual consequences. We will examine the central teachings and activities of the Protestant reformers against this broad background. Topics will include: medieval traditions of religious protest and reform; social and political changes in the period of the Reformation; the changing role of the Papacy; and the impact of the new technology of printing. Readings will be both primary texts and secondary sources and discussions will be an integral part of the class.

310. Europe in the Age of Baroque. (C) History & Tradition Sector. All classes. Safley. The baroque earns its name from a style of art and architecture, developed in Europe between 1550 and 1700 and typified by elaborate ornamentation and color.The term can be applied well to the history of the period, which was characterized by conflict and complexity.

318. Italian History from Napoleon to Berlusconi. (M) Steinberg. The seminar looks at the evolution of modern Italy from the Napoleonic Era through the unification of the Kingdom in 1861, through its crisis in the First World War and the subsequent struggle for control of the new mass society. It looks at the emergence of the first fascist regime and the first modern dictatorship under Benito Mussolini; the rise and consolidation of that dictatorship, its descent into anti-Semitism, defeat in war and the civil war of 1943-45.

323. (FOLK323) Material Life in America, 1600-1800. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. St. George. This course will explore the history of America's use and fascination with material goods between 1600 and 1860. We will examine such issues as the transferal of European traditions of material culture to the New World, the creation of American creolized forms, the impact of reformers in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and the development of regional landscapes. Thematic issues will include consumerism, objects as symbolic communication and metaphor, and the complementary issues of archaeology and history of art in material culture study.

331. American Diplomatic History Since 1776. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. McDougall. Survey course tracing the origins and evolution of the great traditions of U.S. foreign policy, including Exceptionalism, Unilateralism, Manifest Destiny, Wilsonianism, etc., by which Americans have tried to define their place in the world. Three hours of lecture per week, extensive reading, no recitations.

339. Making Money before Columbus. (C) Goldberg. Monday: bought olive oil. Tuesday: hid indigo from custom officials. Wednesday: attacked by pirates. Thursday: sold water-logged flax. This course explores the history of trade in the Mediterranean before the discovery of the New World. We will examine how trade and patterns of trade fit into both the broader economies of the ancient and medieval worlds. We will also look at the culture of traders and merchants: how they organized their work; and thier social and cultural role in their societies. Secondary readings for the course are a mix of readings from historians and economists; these will be used to help understand the varied documents of traders themselves--accounts, letters, contracts, and court documents that illuminate the day-to-day struggles and satisfactions of pre-modern business life.

342. (COML342) European Intellectual History, 1300-1600. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Moyer. This course will examine the formation of European traditions of scholarship and letters, including medieval, Renaissance and early modern writings. Topics will include court literature and romance; scholastic thought and university scholarship; political thought; the humanist tradition. It will consider the rise of printing, the formation of the "republic of letters," and the development of popular literature.

343. (COML343) Nineteenth Century European Intellectual History. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Breckman. Starting with the dual challenges of Enlightenment and Revolution at the close of the eighteenth century, this course examines the emergence of modern European thought and culture in the century from Kant to Nietzsche. Themes to be considered include Romanticism, Utopian Socialism, early Feminism, Marxism, Liberalism, and Aestheticism. Readings include Kant, Hegel, Burke, Marx, Mill, Wollstonecraft, Darwin, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche.

344. (COML344) Twentieth Century European Intellectual History. (B) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Breckman. European intellectual and cultural history from 1870 to 1950. Themes to be considered include aesthetic modernism and the avant-garde, the rebellion against rationalism and positivism, Social Darwinism, Second International Socialism, the impact of World War One on European intellectuals, psychoanalysis, existentialism, and the ideological origins of fascism. Figures to be studied include Nietzsche, Freud, Woolf, Sartre, Camus, and Heidegger.

345. (GSOC345) Gender in American History, 1500-1865. (A) Brown. From the sixteenth century, when Native American populations flourished on the North American continent, to the Civil War, when North and South collided over the question of slavery, women have played a critical role in American society. This course traces the history of women and gender in America during this period with special emphasis on the importance of women's reproductive and economic roles to the emergence of ethnic, racial, regional, and socioeconomic categories in the United States. Slides, lectures, and readings drawn from primary documents introduce students to the conditions of women's lives during the colonial and revolutionary periods and to the rise of women's activism in the nineteenth century. In addition, we will consider how dramatic changes in housework, wage labor, female access to public forms of power, and ideas about female sexuality make it difficult to generalize about what is commonly thought of as women's "traditional" or "natural" role.

346. (GSOC346) Gender in Modern American History. (B) Peiss. This course explores how immigration, industrialization, racial segregation, and the growing authority of science transformed the fundamental conditions of women's lives in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Building on previous effforts by female reformers to perfect society, women at the turn of the century organized large social movements dedicated to improving the lives of women and children and gaining public access to political power. We will examine the fruits of this activism as well as the consequences of subsequent events for the rise of several important social movements in the latter half of the century -- including civil rights, women's liberation, and gay rights -- in which women played a vital role. The course concludes with an assessment of feminism in the present day, with special emphasis on the responses of younger women to its legacy.

347. (CINE308, GSOC347) Gender History and American Film. (C) Peiss. More than any other medium, the motion pictures fostered new ideals and images of modern womanhood and manhood in the United States. Through the twentieth century, gender representations on the screen bore a complex relationship to the social, economic, and political transformations marking the lives and consciousness of American men and women.This course explores the history of American gender in the last 100 years through film.

349. (GSOC349) History of Sexuality in the U.S. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 &prior only. Peiss. This course introduces students to a relatively new field of inquiry, the history of sexuality in the U.S. It explores the past to consider why sexuality has been so central to American identities, culture, and politics. Primary documents and other readings focus on the history of sexual ideology and regulation; popular culture and changing sexual practices; the emergence of distinct sexual identities and communities; the politics of sexuality; and the relationship between sexual and and other forms of social difference, such as gender, race, ethnicity, age, and class. Topics include many with continuing relevance to contemporary public debate: among them, sexual representation and censorship, sexual violence, adolescent sexuality, the politics of reproduction, gay and lesbian sexualities and sexually transmitted diseases.

353. (AFRC353) Slave, Race, & Revolution in the Atlantic World. (M) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Hahn. This course will explore the role of peoples of African descent in the making and transformation of the Atlantic world between the revolutionary era of the late 18th century, which saw the establishment of the first black republic in the Western Hemisphere, and the early decades of the 20th century, when a new pan-African consciousness emerged. We will look at the roles that slavery and the slave trade played in marking the boundaries of a black Atlantic, and we will pay special attention to the part that people of African descent played both in struggles against slavery in the Americas and in the struggles to define the meanings of freedom and peoplehood there and elsewhere.

354. (ASAM354) American Expansion in the Pacific. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Azuma. This class will focus on America's expansion into the Pacific around the turn of the century with the acquisition of Hawaii and the Phillipines. It can deal with various issues, including the meaning of "frontier," colonialism, development of capitalist economies in the region, diplomacy, racism, migration, an American brand of Orientalism in encountering the "natives" and "heathens,"and histories of the West and the Pacific Islands in general.

355. Classic Texts in American Popular Culture. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Zuckerman. Before there were movies and radio and television, books were mass media. Over the course of American history, some of them reached extraordinary audiences and achieved extraordinary influence. We will consider a number of those books, from Benjamin Franklin's Way to Wealth to Stephen King's Carrie in an effort to assess continuity and change in the character and concept of America.

361. American Politics and Society, 1877-1933. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. American society as we know it emerged in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This course examines the profound transformations in government, urban development, and the economy from the Gilded Age to the Great Depression. Themes include the growth of the state, the Populist movement, the rise of big business, the new consumer culture, immigration, urban change and Progressive reform.

L/R 363. (AFRC363) The Civil War and Reconstruction. (B) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Engs. Investigation of the major ingredients-political, social, and economic-leading to the sectional crisis and war, an analysis of the Civil War, leadership on both sides and the major issues of Reconstruction.

SM 371. (AFST373, NELC334) Africa and the Mid-East. (C) Troutt-Powell. This seminar will explore the historical relationship between these two regions from the early modern age to the present. We will examine the history of trade, particularly the slave trade, and its cultural and political legacy. We will compare the experiences of European imperalism--how the scramble for Africa dovetailed with the last decades of the Ottoman Empire--with an eye to how this shaped nationalist movements in both regions. The course will also explore the decades of independence with a special eye towards pan-Africanism and pan-Arabism. We will also study the ramifications of the Arab-Israeli conflict on the relationship between African and Middle-Eastern countries, from Uganda to Ethiopia, from OPEC to Darfur. The course will pay close attention to migrations through the regions, whether forced or economic or religious. Whenever possible we will explore, through film and literature, how people in Africa and the Middle East see their connections, and their differences.

372. (AFST372, AFST542) The History of Foreign Aid to Africa. (C) Cassanelli. This course examines the history, politics, and significance of foreign aid to Africa since the late 19th century. While we do not typically think about the European colonial period in Africa in terms of 'foreign aid,' that era introduced ideas and institutions which formed the foundations for modern aid policies and practices. So we start there and move forward into more contemporary times. In addition to examining the objectives behind foreign assistance and the intentions of donors and recipients, we will look at some of the consequences (intended or unintended) of various forms of foreign aid to Africa over the past century. While not designed to be a comprehensive history of development theory, of African economics, or of international aid organizations, the course will touch on all of these topics. Previous course work on Africa is strongly advised.

L/R 373. The 1960s in America. (A) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Sugrue. This course examines the political, cultural, and intellectual history of America between 1954 and 1974. It considers the civil rights movement, the New Frontier and Great Society, the Supreme Court and right politics, the rise of the New Right, the debate over Vietnam, student radicalism, sexual liberation movements, black power, the counterculture, the urban crisis, and white backlash. The course emphasizes the transformation of liberalism and the revitalization of conservatism, and the tensions between integration and separatism, between libertarianism and communitarianism that shaped the social movements of the sixties.

380. (JWST380, RELS320) Modern Jewish Intellectual and Cultural History. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Ruderman. An overview of Jewish intellectual and cultural history from the late 18th century until the present. The course considers the Jewish enlightenment Reform, Conservative and Neo-Orthodox Judaism, Zionist and Jewish Socialist thought, and Jewish thought in the 20th century, particularly in the context of the Holocaust. Readings of primary sources including Mendelsohn, Geiger, Hirsch, Herzl, Achad-ha-Am, Baeck, Buber, Kaplan, and others. No previous background is required.

L/R 395. (EALC105, EALC505) East Asian Diplomacy. (A) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Dickinson. This course will survey the history of relations among the great powers in East Asia from 1600 to the present. Special emphasis will be played upon the peculiarities of cross-national exchange in Asia (as compared to Europe), particularly the difficulties of relations among states possessing fundamentally different cultural traditions. We will explore the many informal, as well as formal, means of diplomacy in Asia over the past 400 years.

425. World War I. (D) Holquist. This survey course examines the outbreak, conduct, and aftermath of the First World War. The First World War put an end to the world of the 19th century and laid the foundations of the 20th century, the age of destruction and devastation. This course will examine the war in three components: the long-term and immediate causes of the First World War; the war's catastrophic conduct, on the battlefield and on the home front; and the war's devastating aftermath. While we will discuss military operations and certain battles, this course is not a military history of the war; it covers the social, economic, political and diplomatic aspects that contributed to the war's outbreak and made possible its execution over four devastating years. No preliminary knowledge or coursework is required.

Departmental Honors Program (398, 400-401)

SM 398. Junior Honors in History. (B) Staff. Open to junior honors candidates in history. Introduction to the study and analysis of historical phenomena. Emphasis on theoretical approaches to historical knowledge, problems of methodology, and introduction to research design and strategy. Objective of this seminar is the development of honors thesis proposal.

SM 400. Senior Honors in History I. (E) Staff. Open to senior honors candidates in history who will begin writing their honors thesis during this seminar.

SM 401. Senior Honors in History II. (E) Staff. Completion of the Senior honors thesis which began in the fall semester. No new admissions.

Undergraduate Upper Level Courses (403-499). Open to Graduate Students

SM 405. (AFRC405, RELS439, URBS405) The Church and the Urban Challenge. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Lamas. Urban development has been influenced by religious conceptions of social justice. Progressive traditions within Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism have yielded: (1) powerful critiques of oppression and hierarchy as well as

(2) alternative economic frameworks for ownership, governance, production, labor, and community. Historical and contemporary case studies from the Americas, Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Middle East will be considered, as we examine the ways in which religious responses to poverty, inequality, and ecological destruction have generated new forms of urban development.

SM 408. The World of Dante. (B) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Peters. This course will consider important themes in European history between 1150 and 1325 by using literary texts as historical evidence and in conjunction with a sophisticated group of modern historical studies. The primary reading will be Dante's DIVINE COMEDY and several of his other works as well as chronicles (Salimbene), works of spirituality (St. Bonaventure), and political theory.

SM 411. (ENGL234) Introduction to Written Culture, 14th - 18th Centuries. (C) Chartier/Stallybrass.

SM 412. Topics in World History. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Waldron.

SM 413. (RUSS260) The USSR After Stalin. (B) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Nathans/Platt. How are human behaviors and attitudes shaped in a socialist society? What forms do individual and collective identities take, and what happens to individuals within collectives? Does the vision of Soviet life as a struggle between dissidents and conformists fully capture the historical experience? This course will explore the cultural history of the Soviet Union from the end of the Second World War to the collapse of communism in 1991. We will investigate a variety of strategies of resistance to state power as well as the sources of communism's enduring legacy for millions of Soviet citizens. Above all, we will be concerned with the power of the word and image in Soviety public and private life. Assigned texts will include memoirs, maifestos, underground and officially approved fiction and poetry, films, works of art, and secondary literature.

SM 414. Human Rights and History. (B) Nathans. The idea of universal, inalienable rights--once dismissed by the philosopher Jeremy Bentham as "nonsense upon stilts"-has become the dominant moral language of our time, the self-evident truth par excellence of our age. Human rights have become a source of inspiration to oppressed individuals and groups across the world, the rallying cry for a global civil society, and not least, a controversial source of legitimation for American foreign policy. This seminar asks: how did all this come to be? We will investigate human rights not only as theories embodied in texts, but as practices embedded in specific historical contexts. Are human rights the product of a peculiarly European heritage, of the Enlightenment and protestantism? How did Americans reconcile inalienable rights with the reality of slavery? Did human rights serve as a "civilizing" mask for colonialism? Can universal rights be reconciled with genuine cultural diversity? Through case studies and close readings, the seminar will work toward a genealogy of human rights.

415. European Intellectual History of the Seventeenth Century. (A) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Kors. A survey based soley on primary sources of the main currents of seventeenth-century European thought: the criticism of inherited systems and of the authority of the past; skepticism, rationalism; empiricism; and the rise of the new natural philosophy. We will study deep conceptual change as an historical phenomenon, examining works that were both profoundly influential in the seventeehtn-century and that are of enduring historical significance. There are no prerequisites, and one of the goals of the course is to make seventeenth-century thought accessible in its context to the twenty-first century student.

416. European Intellectual History in the 18th Century. (B) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Kors. A survey based soley on primary sources of the main currents of eighteenth-century European thought: the "Enlightenment;" deism; natural religion; skepticism; evangelical revival; political reform; utilitarianism; naturalism; and materialism. The course will focus on works widely-read in the eighteenth century and of enduring historical significance. There are no prerequisites, and one of the goals of the course is to make eighteenth-century thought accessible in its context to the twenty-first century.

SM 418. (COML418) European Intellectual History since 1945. (B) Breckman. This course concentrates on French intellectual history after 1945, with some excursions into Germany. We will explore changing conceptions of the intellectual, from Satre's concept of the 'engagement' to Foucault's idea of the 'specific intellectual'; the rise and fall of existentialism; structuralismand poststructuralism; and the debate over 'postmodernity.'

420. European International Relations from the Age of Enlightenment to the Great War. (A) Granieri/McDougall. This course will examine the international politics of Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, up to the outbreak of World War I. During these centuries, the European great powers experienced significant internal transformations and also a revolution in their relations, both of which reinforced and accelerated each other. In the process, Europe asserted a dominant position in world politics, but also sowed the seed for the terrible castrophes of the 20th Century. The course will address this transformation of European diplomacy with special attention to the rivalries between the great powers, the impact of nationalism and emerging mass politics, the interplay between military and economic power, and the relationship between the European powers and the rest of the world.

L/R 421. European International Relations Since World War I. (D) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Granieri. This course will examine the international politics of Europe in the 20th Century, the period during which Europe, beset by two devasting wars and the horrific experience of genocide, lost its dominant international position and was forced to adjust to a world dominated by extra-European forces. We wil examine the decline and (partial) recovery of Europe's international position with special attention to the contrast between international competition and transnational cooperation within Europe, the impact of the two World Wars, the ambivalent legacy of the Cold War, and Europe's developing role in the post-Cold War world.

L/R 430. Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. (A) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Childers. The meteoric rise of Hitler's NSDAP in Germany, the nature of Nazi rule, and the final collapse of the Third Reich. The first half of the semester analyzes the appeal of the NSDAP- who joined the party, who voted for it, and why. Nazi mobilization tactics, campaign strategy, and grass-roots techniques, the content of the party's social appeals. The second half of the course concentrates on the Nazis in power, their use of terror and propaganda, their ideological objective, everyday life in the Third Reich, the possibilities of resistance to the regime. Special attention will be devoted to Nazi Jewish policy and the step that led to the "Final Solution" and the Holocaust.

L/R 431. A World at War: World War II in Europe and Asia. (B) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Childers. This course will examine the diplomatic origins, military course and domestic implications of World War II.

441. North American Colonial History. (A) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Brown. A survey of the development of American colonial society, 1607-1750, with emphasis on the regional differences between life in early New England, the Mid-Atlantic, and the South, as well as the relationships between British colonists, Native Americans, and African Americans.

442. America in the Era of the Revolution, 1763-1800. (B) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Beeman. As a number of historians have observed, the American Revolution now may seem to have been the inevitable culmination of political, economic, and cultural changes underway in the eighteenth century. But for many whose lives were altered by its disruptive contours, it was more improbable than inevitable. How, then, are we to make sense of the Revolution? What were its causes? Its progress? Its extended "settlement," or period of resolution and questions during the course of the semester, we will need to keep our eyes open to changes afoot in many social fields: the ascendancy or democratic and egalitarian thought; the widespread development of consumerism and market capitalism; the linked forms processes of rebellion and nation-building; and the economic and strategic progress of the conflict itself.

443. American National Character. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Zuckerman. Who ARE the Americans, anyway? And are they still what they once were? The course will consider some classic and modern theories of American identity. It will address some allegedly quintessential expressions of this elusive, perhaps essential idea, in Puritanism, Jefferson, Franklin, and Whitman. And it will examine contemporary West Philadelphia to see if the old characterizations still apply in a new day (or ever did apply outside small-town American among affluent white males). Work in, and observation of, a local school will be an integral part of the course.

SM 449. (JWST449) Jewish Intellectual and Cultural History in the Early Modern Era: From the Spanish Expulsion to Spinoza. (C) Ruderman. Major Jewish ideas and ideologies from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries in the context of the Renaissance, the Reformation, the scientific revolution, and religious skepticism. Topics include Jewish reflections on catastrophe in the post 1492 era. Jewish and Christian stufy of the Kabbala, Lurianic messianism, Sabbatianismn, Hasidism, and cultural developments in the Marano community of Amsterdam.

451. United States War and Diplomacy. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Kuklick. A study of United States diplomacy during four critical periods:World War I, World War II, the Cold War and Korean War, and the war in Vietnam. Lectures and discussions will center around the exercise of power, the limits placed on its use, and problems of political morality. Readings in secondary sources, papers, and exam.

SM 485. (AFRC485) Topics in African-American History. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Savage. Topics Vary.

SM 489. (AFRC488, AFST489) Africans Abroad: Emigrants, Refugees, and Citizens in the New African Diaspora. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Cassanelli. This seminar will examine the experiences of recent emigrants and refugees from Africa, including many now living in the city of Philadelphia and the surrounding region. In addition to reading some of the historical and comparative literature on migration, ethnic diasporas, and transnationalism, students will have the opportunity to conduct research on specific African communities in Philadelphia or elsewhere in North America, Europe, or the Middle East. African emigres' relations with both their home and host societies will be explored and compared with the experience of other immigrant groups over the past century. Topics include reasons for leaving Africa, patterns of economic and educational adaptation abroad, changes in gender and generational roles, issues of cultural and political identity, and the impact of national immigration policies.

SM 490. (GRMN581, JWST490, RELS429) Topics in Jewish History. (C) Distribution Course in Hist & Tradition. Class of 2009 & prior only. Staff. Reading and discussion course on selected topics in Jewish history.

Graduate Courses (500-999)

SM 525. (JWST524, RELS524) God and Nature: Readings on the Encounter Between Jewish Thought and Early Modern Science. (C) Ruderman. Readings of texts chosen to shed light on the relationships between Judaism, magic, and science, primarily in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. An attempt to compare the Jewish pattern of response to science, medicine, and the natural world with Protestant and Catholic responses in the age of "The Scientific Revolution." Knowledge of Hebrew recommended but not required.

SM 530. (AFRC530) 20th Century Afro-American Historiography. (A) Staff. This course will study major historical works on African American history for the post-1890 period. Emphasis on intellectual, political, and cultural history, and special attention to current debates about the relevance of this history and race generally to studies and students of United States history.

SM 533. (JWST533, RELS533) Topics in Ancient and Medieval Christianity. (B) Staff. Topics vary.

SM 550. (JWST529, JWST551, RELS529) Topics in Jewish History. (C) Staff. Reading and discussion course on selected topics in Jewish history.

SM 580. (URBS580) Theoretical and Methodological Issues in American Social History. (C) Katz. The purpose of this seminar is to introduce students to some of the major conceptual issues in current American research on social history. It concentrates on a limited number of topics and emphasizes the identification of major issues in the field, the formulation of questions, and the development and assessment of research strategies. Requirements include reading approximately two books per week and short papers.

SM 608. (SOCI608, URBS608) Proseminar in Urban Studies. (E) Katz. This seminar is required for students in the Urban Studies Graduate Certificate Program. They will be given preference for enrollment, which is limited to 15. The course is designed for Ph.D. students who intend to do urban-related research. It is not open to undergraduates. Master's Degree students will be allowed to enroll only in special circumstances and with the permission of the instructor. To earn credit for the Graduate Certificate Program, students must enroll for both fall and spring semesters. Other students may take only the fall semester. Enrollment for the spring semester alone is not permitted. In the fall, the seminar will focus on inter-disciplinary readings concerned with the history of American cities in the twentieth-century. In the spring, students will write a major research paper and meet with scholars and practitioners who exemplify a variety of careers in urban research.

SM 610. (AFRC610, GSOC610, HSSC610, RELS614, URBS610) Topics in American History. (A) Staff. Reading and discussion course on selected topics in American history.

SM 620. (GRMN630, HSSC620, JWST620, RELS622, SLAV623) Topics in European History. (A) Staff. Reading and Discussion course on selected topics in European History.

SM 630. Topics in Asian History. (C) Staff. Reading and discussion course on selected topics in Asian History.

SM 634. The Reformation. (C) Safley. This seminar surveys the vast scholarship on the Reformation in Europe. Members will read and discuss some of the most crucial and seminal works in a field that has fascinated generations of historians for over four hundred years. By studying the authors and their works, members will deepen their familiarity both with the Reformation itself and with the development of its historiography.

SM 635. Early Modern European History. (C) Safley. This research seminar in the history of early Modern Europe. In additon to readings on current trends in scholarship, students will undertake research using in manuscripts and rare book collections of Van Pelt Library. The purpose will be to complete publishable essays, 30 to 40 pages in length that will form the basis of discussion in class. Competence in a foreign language is highly recommended.

SM 640. Topics in Middle Eastern History. (C) Staff. Reading and discussion course on selected topics in Middle Eastern history.

SM 650. Topics in African History. (C) Staff. Reading and discussion course on selected topics in African history

SM 660. Topics in Latin American and Caribbean History. (C) Staff. Reading and discussion course on selected topics in Latin American and Caribbean history

SM 668. (AFRC668) Colloquium in the History of Law and Social Policy. (A) Berry. This is a course in the history of law and policy-making with respect to selected social problems. Discussion of assigned readings and papers will elaborate the role law, lawyers, judges, other public official and policy advocates have played in proposing solutions to specific problems. The course will permit theevaluation of the importance of historical perspective and legal expertise in policy debates.

SM 670. Topics in Trans Regional History. (C) Staff. Reading and discussion course on selected topics in Transregional History

Proseminars and Research Seminars

SM 700. Proseminar in History. (E) Staff. Weekly readings, discussions, and writing assignments to develop a global perspective within which to study human events in various regional/cultural milieus, c. 1400 to the present.

SM 710. Research seminar in American history. (C) Staff. Research seminar on selected topics in American history.

SM 720. (COML721, RELS738) Research in European History. (C) Staff. Research seminar on selected topics in European history.

SM 730. Research Seminar in Asian History. (C) Staff. Research seminar on selected topics in Asian history.

SM 740. Research Seminar in Middle Eastern History. (C) Staff. Research seminar on selected topics in Middle Eastern history.

SM 750. Research Seminar in African History. (C) Staff. Research seminar on selected topics in African history.

SM 760. Research Seminar in latin American and Caribbean History. (C) Staff. Research seminar on selected topics in Latin American and Caribbean history.